244 PHILOSOPHY OF ZOOLOGY. 



portion to its length, than the other neighbouring genera, 

 A. arvensis. 



Hind-toe of ordinary size and shape. 

 Base of the bill with numerous hairs. 



95. PARUS. Titmouse. Bill short and sharp pointed. 

 P. major. 



Base of the bill plain. 



Commissure bfthe bill straight. 

 Bill slender, angular, and pointed. 



96. SITTA. Nut-hatch. Hind-claw strong. S. Europaa. 



Bill strong rounded. 



Bill more or less inflated at the base. The following ge- 

 nera depend on the gradations of this character, beginning 

 with those in which it is most obvious. 



97. PLOCEUS. Loxia Philippina. 



98. COCCOTHRAUSTES. Loxia ccccotliraustes . 



99. PYRRHULA. Bullfinch. Loxia Pyrrhula. 



100. PYRGITA. Sparrow. Fringilla domestica. 



101. VIDUA. Tail coverts produced. Emberiza re- 

 gia. 



Bill exactly conical. The following genera exhibit a 

 gradation in the length of the bill. 



102. FRINGILLA. Chaffinch F. ccelebs. 



103. CARDUELIS. Gold-finch. Fringilla carduelis, 



104. LINARIA. Linnet. Fringilla linaria. 



Commissure of the bill interrupted. 



105. CASSICUS. Bill exactly conical and very large. 

 Base of the upper mandible ascending on the front. Orio- 

 lus cristatus. 



106. STURNUS. Stare. Bill depressed, and of the or- 

 dinary size. S. vu 



