ANNULOSA. 535 



spirally, and as it appears in the Lepidoptera, the butterfly 

 for example, is usually termed the proboscis or tongue. 



All these different parts of the mouth, however much 

 they may be modified in size and shape, may still be readi- 

 ly detected, either by their position or palpial appendages. 

 We owe this discovery of the true nature of the parts of 

 the mouth of insects, and the other pedate annulosa to M. 

 SAVIGNY, who has accompanied his judicious observations 

 with accurate representations of each organ, and its various 

 changes *. 



The orifice of the gullet is, in general, a simple aper- 

 ture, into which the food is conveyed chiefly by the 

 agency of the maxillse. In some cases, however, among 

 the Hymenopterous insects, there is an organ on the base 

 of the mouth, more or less distinct, to which the term lin- 

 gua ought to be restricted. M. SAVIGNY calls it glossa or 

 hypopharynx. On the dorsal margin of the opening there 

 is likewise, in some cases, a particular process, which is de- 

 nominated by the above naturalist epiglossa, or epipha- 

 rynx. 



The gullet itself is usually membranaceous, and is either 

 simple or furnished with an enlargement, denominated the 

 first stomach. The walls of the true stomach, in some of 

 the crustacea, present the appearance of muscular fibres, and 

 in some of the orthoptera, these bands cover the whole sur- 

 face, forming a true gizzard, fortified with teeth or scales 

 pointing backwards. The intestines are variously convo- 

 luted, and frequently near the anus, exhibit an enlargement 

 which has been denominated a rectum. In some cases, the 

 canal is furnished with one or more side pouches, or cceca?, 

 near the stomach. 



In the crustacea, the liver appears, in some, like a con- 



* Memoires sur les /Ynimaux sans Vcrtcbrcs, premier partie, Paris, 1816. 



