CHAP. XXXIV.] EPITHELIUM OF BLADDER. 507 



areolar tissue, in which the yellow element is abundant, except over 

 the trigone, where it adheres very firmly, by which a perfectly 

 smooth surface is produced in this situation. 



About the neck of the bladder are a number of small glands, 

 each consisting of a few secreting follicles, opening into a short 

 wide duct. These are lined with columnar epithelium, and secrete 

 a perfectly clear transparent mucus. 



Epithelium. The epithelium of the bladder varies much in its 

 character in different situations. Near the orifices of the ureters 

 it is almost entirely of a columnar form; but over the fundus, 

 generally, it consists of large circular and oval cells, with a distinct 

 nucleus. These are of very large size, and present a very charac- 

 teristic appearance. Kolliker describes many of these large cells 

 as lying upon the surface of columnar epithelium, their deep 

 aspect being hollowed out to receive the summits of the latter 

 cells. Towards the urethra, the columnar epithelium again pre- 

 dominates. Epithelium from various parts of the mucous mem- 

 brane above referred to is often found in the urine; and the 

 characters are often so distinctive as to enable the observer to 

 infer with accuracy the locality from whence it was derived, a point 

 which is occasionally of some value in diagnosis. 



We shall consider the anatomy of the urethra, and other organs 

 connected with the bladder, in the chapter on the Organs of 

 Generation. 



The student should consult the following works and monographs for more 

 detailed information upon the subjects treated of in the present chapter : 

 M. Malpighi, de Renibus, 1669 ; Schumlansky, de Structural renum, 1788 ; 

 W. Bowman, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842 ; Goodsir, in the 

 Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 1842; Dr. Johnson's article "Ren," in 

 the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, and his work on Diseases of the 

 Kidney ; and the treatises on Physiology and Minute Anatomy before re- 

 ferred to. 



Upon the Urine. Dr. Golding Bird, on Urinary Deposits ; Dr. Bence 

 Jones' Lectures upon Animal Chemistry ; Lehmann's Handbuch der Phy- 

 siologischen Chemie, Leipzig, 1854 ; translated by the Cavendish Society. 

 J. E. Bowman, Medical Chemistry. Beale, on the Microscope, and its applica- 

 tion to Clinical Medicine, Chapter XIV. 



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