LAUGEL'S PROBLEMS OF NATURE AND LIFE. 357 



As respects the passions and affections of the animals 

 thus near to our confines, we must regard them as 

 alike in kind to those which compose the moral nature 

 of man, though very different in objects, and wanting 

 the nice shades of human character in its various grades 

 of cultivation. Without running into subtle distinctions 

 of name or nature, it is enough to recite simply the 

 common qualities open to all observation. Such are 

 love and hatred, emulation and jealousy, anger and 

 revenge, gratitude, boldness and fortitude, pride, and 

 perhaps vanity, cowardice, and cunning. These quali- 

 ties are not defined by difference of species only. As 

 in man they characterise individuals of the same 

 species, and are innate, more or less, in the tempera- 

 ment of each. 



It does not concern us here to trace these animal 

 faculties and feelings downwards in the scale till they 

 vanish in the bare instincts of existence. On this sub- 

 ject of instincts, however, a few words must be said, 

 though volumes would be needed to embrace their 

 wonderful history. M. Laugel's title ' Problemes de la 

 Vie ' well characterises phenomena which perplexed 

 the mind of Newton, and continue to embarrass the 

 philosophers of our own day. We have already 

 spoken of the affinities of reason and instinct. There 

 is, in fact, a border-land, where they are strangely and 

 inextricably blended, each invading the domain of the 

 other, and reciprocally producing changes, which 

 variously affect the functions of both. Acts primarily 

 of reason and volition pass by repetition into habits 

 having the compulsory force of instinct, and often 



