334 RESEARCHES ON CORTICAL LOCALISATION AND 



moment, puis commet les solecismes suivants, qui nous sont au 

 fur et a mesure signales par notre surveillante, passablement 

 scandalisee de voir un cuisinier se tirer aussi mal d'une epreuve 

 qui, pour une simple menagere, n'eut ete qu'un jeu : il commence 

 par casser son ceuf de fa9on fort maladroite et le vide dans le plat 

 sans aucune precaution pour eviter de crever le jaune, puis il met 

 du beurre dans le plat, par-dessus 1'ceuf, saupoudre de sel et de 

 poivre et met le tout au four. C'etait la une faute capitale et la 

 surveillante nous fit remarquer qu'il avait fait 1'inverse de ce qui 

 devait etre fait, le beurre devant etre chauffe au prealable et I'oauf 

 jete dedans. Inutile d'ajouter que le plat n'etait absolument pas 

 presentable, ce qui, d'ailleurs, ne parut pas emouvoir outre 

 mesure notre malade. Ici encore il est bien evident qu'il ne 

 s'agissait pas d'un trouble du langage, mais d'une decheance 

 intellectuelle." 



Further, Marie denies that aphasics are able to express their 

 meaning, in the absence of speech, by means of descriptive mimicry. 

 For example, he states that he has never yet come across a patient 

 who was able in this way to indicate his occupation when asked 

 to do so. 



He thus considers aphasia to be essentially characterised by 

 an impairment of the intellectual powers, and he therefore regards 

 the " area of Wernicke " as an intellectual and not a sensory 

 centre. His views are consequently in accord with the more 

 recent results of the study of cortical localisation, for the area of 

 Wernicke is a zone of association and not an area of projection. 

 The visual and auditory word-centres naturally lie in either the 

 " sensory " or the " psychic " zones devoted to vision and hearing 

 respectively, for there is no essential difference between the cortical 

 projection of, and the conservation of the image of, a word, and 

 of any other cause of sensorial stimulation. Marie, in fact, though 

 he attributes word-deafness to defective comprehension and denies 

 the existence of this as a pure symptom, admits the existence of 

 word-blindness as a fairly pure symptom, associates it with hemia- 

 nopsia, and locates its lesion in the general visual centres. In 

 this connection the attention of the reader may be usefully drawn 

 to the observations already made on the psycho-physiology of 

 the language mechanism in educated and uneducated persons. 

 Language is learned through the sense of hearing, and it is only 

 by education that it is further learned by the sense of sight. Word 



