ON THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM 335 



vision is thus an additional acquisition superadded to the mechanism 

 of language, which under normal circumstances can carry on its 

 functions in the absence of the capacity to read and write. It is 

 therefore only to be expected that word-blindness should be found 

 clinically to be fairly common as a pure symptom, and should be 

 less intimately associated with the general functions of the cerebrum 

 than word-deafness, which disability necessarily seriously maims 

 the normal, and earliest developed, mechanism for the acquisition 

 and reproduction of articulate speech. 



It may be added that Marie does not .deny the existence of 

 pure motor aphasia, but he terms this " anarthria," and locates 

 its lesion in the lenticular zone, namely, " in the lenticular nucleus, 

 in its neighbourhood, in the anterior part and the genu of the 

 internal capsule, or, may be, in the external capsule." That such 

 a lesion may cause the subcortical motor aphasia of Dejerine is 

 of course generally recognised, but Marie goes further and denies 

 that pure motor aphasia can also occur in consequence of a lesion 

 in Broca's gyrus. 



It is impossible to summarise here the pathological evidence 

 which is produced by Marie in support of his contention, but the 

 general scope of his inquiry may be indicated. 



He states that an examination of the original specimens of 

 Broca clearly shows that they do not afford adequate support to 

 his localisation of the speech^centre in the posterior portion of 

 the third frontal gyrus. He remarks that when Broca enunciated 

 his doctrine in 1861 he was thirty-seven years of age, and was not 

 yet a professor ; and that Bouillaud was sixty-nine years of age, 

 and had been professor of clinical medicine at la Charite for thirty 

 years. He then suggests that Broca's views gained acceptance 

 owing to the still dominant influence of Bouillaud, who even in 

 1825 had localised the faculty of articulate speech in the frontal 

 lobes, which localisation Bouillaud regarded as confirmatory in 

 this respect of the phrenological doctrines of Gall. Marie then 

 traces the crystallisation of Broca's views into the form of a dogma 

 to the experimental investigations of Fritsch and Hitzig, of Ferrier 

 and Yeo, &c. 



With regard to his own researches, Marie states that his doctrine 

 of aphasia is based on the systematic examination, during a period 

 of ten years, of nearly a hundred cases of aphasia, which included 

 more than fifty autopsies. 



