336 RESEARCHES ON CORTICAL LOCALISATION AND 



He adopts a twofold line of argument to prove that " la 

 troisieme circon volution frontale gauche ne joue aucun role special 

 dans la fonction du langage " (p. 243). On the one hand he shows 

 that cases exist, in right-handed individuals, in which local de- 

 struction of the posterior part of the third frontal convolution is 

 not followed by aphasia. One of Marie's figures in illustration 

 of such a case is reproduced opposite (Fig. 7). 



On the other hand he shows that characteristic examples of 

 the aphasia of Broca occur in which the third left frontal convolu- 

 tion is absolutely intact. In Fig. 8 is reproduced an illustration 

 of such a case. 



The patient was a beautiful example of the aphasia of Broca. 

 The gyrus of Broca is intact. The " aphasia of Broca " which 

 was presented by the patient is here attributed to a lesion R-R1, 

 which is the cause of the anarthria, and to a lesion R1-R11, which 

 has given rise to the aphasia. 



The views of Marie, which in his first paper were indicated and 

 illustrated, rather than supported by the complete evidence on 

 which they are based, have naturally re-aroused interest in a 

 subject which of late years has been taught in dogmatic form 

 rather than investigated. One of his earliest critics was Deje'rine, 

 who bitterly opposed his doctrines with regard to both sensory and 

 motor aphasia, and endeavoured to demonstrate that they are in 

 complete opposition to the facts derived from clinical observation. 

 Marie, in a subsequent article, replied in a masterly and restrained 

 manner to the vehement criticisms of Dejerine, and, in a third, 

 published an essay on the genesis and mode of evolution of the 

 doctrine of Broca. 



In September 1907 an important discussion took place at the 

 International Congress at Amsterdam, and many of the leading 

 neurologists in the world expressed their views on aphasia. It 

 is a significant fact that the speakers as a whole appeared to lay 

 stress on the absence of definite knowledge regarding the exact 

 lesions which produce the different types of symptomatology 

 grouped under the term " aphasia," rather than to discuss any 

 particular types of lesion. 



The chief evidence on which the views of Marie are based has 

 recently been published by his pupil Moutier in a bulky volume 

 entitled UAphasie de Broca. In this work the whole question 

 of aphasia is elaborately and fully discussed. After a historical 



