^Appendix. 



and we were told that these also were tombs. The impression is 

 forced upon one, as he finds such immense quantities of human 

 remains, as well as signs of cultivation, in places where water 

 must have been carefully brought for many miles for irrigation, 

 that the human race must have at one time filled up and overrun 

 the territory of Peru, especially the country near the coast, as it 

 does now in China, making it necessary to use every possible 

 means for the support of life. 



The country became higher and rougher as we proceeded, 

 until we turned off up a little branch of the river, running down 

 between immense wall-like cliffs of limestone, that seem to have 

 been rent apart to give it a passage. The strata in these walls of 

 rock were most curiously distorted. The great bends extending 

 for miles, the same layers of rock at the higher parts being 

 several hundred feet higher than in the lower. We had great 

 difficulty in scaling the steep sides of these mountains, but finally 

 found ourselves in the higher, cooler regions above, where the 

 surface of the country, though still rough and steep, was much 

 moister than the valleys below. 



I had wondered, when below, why any people had built 

 such a great fortress as Quillip was said to be, in these almost 

 inaccessible mountains, that appear from below to be nothing 

 but barren rock; but I found there were great extents of country 

 up here, covered with a rich dark soil, which was in some places 

 cultivated in wheat and barley, the rougher places growing up to 

 thorny bushes that no where reached the stature of trees. Indians 

 were plowing as we passed, with cattle yoked by the horns to 

 rude wooden plows with one handle. It was only after repeated 

 scratchings with these rude implements that the surface of the 

 fields took on anything like a cultivated look. 



These mountains, wherever of any value, are owned in large 

 estates by the descendants of the Spanish conquerors, who keep 

 a lot of Indians at work cultivating the lands and tending cattle, 

 while the proprietors live in Chachapoyas, or, if able, in Lima. 



The second day of our journey we reached the estate upon 

 which the fortress is situated, though it was at a distance of 



