CHAPTER XL 



IMPLEMENTS, ETC. 



THE more common tools needed, are the shovel, the spade, 

 and the hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cultivating 

 the ground. The rake is useful in mixing manures with 

 the soil for filling the remote parts or large holes. 



INSTRUMENTS. 



The pruning-knife, fig. 47, is a large hooked knife, for 



removing useless branches. 

 The pruning-saw is needed 

 in taking off larger limbs ; 

 [attached to a handle seve- 

 47. ral feet long, it will reach 



those at a distance from the ground. The direction of the 



teeth should be the re- 

 verse of the common 

 saw ; that is, they should 



Fig. 48. point towards the ope- 



rator, constituting what is called the draw-saw, fig. 48. Be- 

 ing thus only subject to a pulling strain, it does not require 



so thick a blade as a 

 thrust-saw, with the 

 teeth in the usual way. 

 For this reason, it is 

 less liable to become 

 broken or twisted. The 

 Fig. 49. bow-saw, fig. 49, is a 



light saw for cutting near the ground. 



The pruning- chisel may differ but little from those of a 



common carpenter, fixed 

 to the end of a long pole 

 or handle, for cutting off 

 small branches at a con- 

 siderable height. It is 

 placed against a limb, and the stroke of a mallet separates it. 



