98 



IMPLEMENTS. 



CD 



readily understood by the annexed figure, (57,) representing 

 the ladder as open, as half closed, and as closely shut. An 

 enlarged longitudinal section shows the manner in which 

 the rounds lie in the grooves or concave beds in the sides or 



styles ; above which is a 

 cross-section exhibiting the 

 semi-oval form of the styles. 

 The ends of the rounds turn 

 on iron pins, slightly riveted 

 outside. The rounds rest- 

 ing on shoulders, when the 

 ladder is opened, render the 

 whole stiff and firm. A lad- 

 der of this construction is 

 found very useful, not only 

 in fruit-houses, where a com- 

 mon ladder could not be 

 conveniently carried, but in 

 pruning standard trees, be- 

 Fig. 57. cause it can be thrust through 



the branches like a round pole, without the least difficulty, 

 and when once there, it is easily opened. 



The orchardist's hook consists of a light rod, with an iron 



hook at one end, and a 



&-^=^ piece of wood made to 

 t! =^ slide along it. In using it 

 the fruit-gatherer draw? 



Fl - 58> down the end of a branch 



with the hook, and fastens it by the sliding piece to another 

 branch below. The slider passes freely along the rod, but 

 ceases to slide by the friction of the side-strain whenever it 

 is in use, fig. 58. 



TRELLIS, for grapes and espaliers. Cedar, or other du- 

 rable posts should be used, set four or eight feet apart. The 

 horizontal bars or strips should be let in the posts, and should 

 be from six to twelve inches apart. 



NET SCREENS are useful in preventing the attack of birds 

 on rare and valuable fruits on young trees. The net should 

 be dipped in tan to prevent mildew when rolled up wet. 



LABELS for standard trees are useful in retaining the 

 names of the varieties. Purchasers of trees usually neglect 



