JAN.] THE FRUIT GARDEN. 33 



each side, afford different aspects for different plants, and also they 

 afford shelter in winter, forwardness to their south-border crops in 

 spring, and shade in summer ; and as to ornament and variety, what 

 can be more delightful in spring, in the excursion of the walks, than 

 the charming appearance which the trees make when covered with 

 their showy bloom, differing in themselves, in those of different 

 genera, species, and varieties ; or in summer, to see the fruit of the 

 different sorts advancing to perfection, and in autumn arrive suc- 

 cessively to maturity ? And as the trees are arranged all of an equal 

 height, not exceeding six feet, closely furnished with branches, 

 ranged horizontally at regular distances one above another, from the 

 very ground upwards, the fruit hereby are exhibited to great advan- 

 tage, and being low, and the branches fixed, are convenient to pull, 

 and not liable to be blown down by wind. 



An espalier has this advantage over a wall tree, that as being 

 wholly detached, the branches have liberty to form fruit spurs on 

 both sides, which in the wall tree cannot be effected but on one; in 

 fact, common fruit- walls are unnecessary in the United States, except 

 in the eastern and some of the middle States, where they are useful 

 in forwarding to due perfection and flavor some late kinds of superior 

 peaches, grapes, and other late fruits ; but when walls are built for 

 other purposes, and are conveniently situated, advantage ought to be 

 taken of them for raising fruit, observing to suit the various kinds to 

 the various aspects. 



Trellises are also used occasionally for wall trees, where the wall 

 does not admit of nailing the branches immediately against it ; also 

 for training wall trees in forcing-houses and forcing-frames, and are 

 formed according to different degrees of taste, for use and ornament, 

 as well as of different dimensions, from four or five to six, or in 

 forcing-houses, to seven, eight, or ten feet high. 



For common espalier fruit-trees in the open ground, a trellis is 

 absolutely necessary, and may either be formed of common stakes 

 or poles, or of regular joinery work, according to taste or fancy. 



The cheapest, the easiest, and soonest made trellis for common 

 espalier trees, is that formed with straight poles, being cut into pro- 

 per lengths, and driving them into the ground in a range, a foot 

 distant, all of an equal height, and then railed along the top with 

 the same kind -of poles or slips of pine or other boards, nailed down 

 to each stake to preserve the whole straight and firm in a regular 

 position ; to which the branches of the espalier trees are to be fast- 

 ened with small ozier-twigs, rope-yarn, &c., and trained along hori- 

 zontally from stake to stake, as directed for the different sorts under 

 their proper heads. 



To render the above trellis still stronger, run two or three hori- 

 zontal ranges of rods or small poles along the back parts of the up- 

 rights, a foot or eighteen inches asunder, fastening them to the 

 upright stakes either with pieces of strong wire twisted two or three 

 times round, or by nailing them. 



But when more elegant and ornamental trellises of joinery work 

 are required in any of the departments, they are formed with regu- 

 larly squared posts and rails, of good durable timber, neatly planed 

 3 



