56 THE ORCHARD. [JAN. 



pose : some are constructed with flues ranging within the wall where 

 the vines are trained up ; but as the vines would receive more heat at 

 times by being closer to the wall than is proper, a lattice- work is 

 generally detached therefrom, to which the branches are trained, and 

 the whole is covered with a range of sloping glass ; but the more 

 common method is to train them under the sloping glasses of the 

 hot-house, or other similarly constructed stoves or forcing-frames ; in 

 such places the vines are generally planted close to the outside, and 

 introduced through holes contrived for the purpose in the upright 

 timbers of the front-lights, as low down as can conveniently be done. 

 In some vineries the vines are planted near the front, in the inside, 

 and trained up to neat trellises made for that purpose close under the 

 roof or sloping glasses. This is the best in all cases. 



SOUTHERN STATES. 



In the southern States, especially such of them as have not severe 

 winter frosts, you may plant apple, pear, peach, nectarine, apricot, 

 cherry and plum-trees, both for espaliers and standards : plant also 

 almonds, quinces, gooseberies, currants, raspberries, and every other 

 kind of hardy fruit bearing trees and shrubs, which are usually planted 

 either in the fruit-garden or orchard. 



You may also prune each and every of the above kinds, according 

 to the directions given in this month, March and October ; and in the 

 two last months you will find ample instructions, both for preparing 

 the ground and planting the various kinds of fruit-trees above men- 

 tioned. 



THE ORCHARD. 



THE Orchard is a department consigned entirely to the growth of 

 standard fruit-trees for furnishing a large supply of the most useful 

 kinds of fruit ; in which you may have as standards, apple, pear, 

 plum, cherry, peach, apricot, quince, almond, and nectarine-trees ; 

 also mulberries, filberts, medlars, and berberries ; Spanish chestnuts 

 and English walnuts ; which two latter are more particularly appli- 

 cable for the boundaries of large orchards, in which they will screen 

 the other trees from impetuous winds and cold blasts, all of which 

 are to be arranged in rows at the distances directed in March and Oc- 

 tober; in which months you will find ample directions for raising, pro- 

 pagating, and planting the various kinds of fruit-trees necessary for 

 all the departments. 



But sometimes orchards consist entirely -of apple-trees, particularly 

 when apples are wanted in large quantities for cider or whiskey 

 making ; and sometimes whole orchards of very considerable extent 

 of peach-trees, when the fruit is designed for distillation ; likewise 

 entire orchards of cherry-trees, but particularly within a moderate 



