48 FRUIT-GARDENING. 



strong, tenacious soil. Speechly mentions a tree in an orchard 

 at Burtonjoice, near Nottingham, about sixty years old, with 

 branches extending from seven to nine yards round the bole, 

 which in some seasons produced upwards of a hundred bushels 

 of apples. 



The Romans had only twenty-two varieties in Pliny's time. 

 There are upwards of fifteen hundred now cultivated in the 

 garden of the Horticultural Society of London, under name. 

 The catalogue of the Linnsean Botanic Garden at Flushing con- 

 tains about four hundred ; and one of our enterprising horticul- 

 turists, Mr. William Coxe, of Burlington, New Jersey, enume- 

 rated one hundred and thirty-three kinds cultivated in the 

 United States some years ago. They are usually divided into 

 dessert, baking, and cider fruits. The first, highly flavored ; 

 the second, such as fall, or become mellow in baking or boiling ; 

 and the third, austere, and generally fruit of small size. Besides 

 this division, Apples are classed as pippins or seedlings, pear- 

 mains or somewhat pear-shaped fruits, rennets or queen-specked 

 fruits, calviles or white-skinned fruits, russets or brown fruits, and 

 some are denominated burknots. 



The Apple may be propagated by layers ; and many sorts by 

 cuttings and budding; but the usual mode is by grafting on 

 seedling stocks of two or three years' growth, and for dwarfing, 

 on stocks of the Quince or Paradise Apple. All the principal 

 varieties are cultivated as standards in the orchard, and should 

 be planted from thirty to forty feet from each other, or from 

 any other spreading trees, in order that the sun and air may 

 have their due influence in maturing the fruit. 



Many of the dwarf kinds may be introduced into the Kitchen- 

 Garden, and trained as espaliers, or dwarf standards. An Apple- 

 Orchard may be planted at any time after the trees are two 

 years old from the graft ; and as trees from young stocks will 

 not come into full bearing until ten or twelve years old, they 

 will bear removing with care at any time within that period. 



Old Apple-trees may be- grafted with superior varieties by 

 being headed down to standard height. Most commonly, in 



