JAN.] THE FRUIT GARDEN. 17 



For common espalier fruit-trees in the open ground, a trellis is 

 absolutely necessary, and may either be formed of common stakes 

 or poles, or of regular joinery work, according to taste or fancy. 



The cheapest, the easiest, and soonest made trellis for common 

 espalier trees, is, that formed with straight poles, being cut into 

 proper lengths, and driving them into the ground, in a range, a 

 foot distance, all of an equal height, and then railed along the top 

 with the same kind of poles or slips of pine or other boards, nailed 

 down to each stake, to preserve the whole straight and firm in a 

 regular position ; to which the branches of the espalier trees are to 

 be fastened with small osier-twigs, rope yarn, &c. and trained along 

 horizontally from stake to stake, as directed for the different sorts 

 under their proper heads. 



To render the above trellis still stronger, run two or three hori- 

 zontal ranges of rods or small poles along the back parts of the up- 

 rights, a foot or eighteen inches asunder, fastening them to the 

 upright stakes, either with pieces of strong wire twisted two or three 

 times round, or by nailing them. 



But when more elegant and ornamental trellis*s of joinery work 

 are required in any of the departments, they are formed with re- 

 gularly squared posts and rails, of good durable timber, neatly planed 

 and framed together, fixing the main posts in the ground, ten or 

 twelve feet asunder, with smaller ones between, ranging the hori- 

 zontal railing from post to post, in three or more ranges ; the first 

 being placed about a foot from the bottom, a second at top, and one or 

 two along the middle space, and if thought convenient, may range 

 one between each of the intermediate spaces; then fix thin slips 

 of lath, or the like, upright to the horizontal railing, ten inches or 

 a foot asunder ; and paint the whole with oil colour, to render it 

 more ornamental and durable ; and in training the trees, tie their 

 branches both to the railing of the trellis, and to the upright laths, 

 according as they extend in length on each side. 



In either of the above trellis's for a common espalier, five or six 

 feet at most, is a sufficient height, as, if much higher, the winds, 

 having great power, would be very apt to loosen and displace them. 



The permanent trellis's ought not to be made till the second or 

 third year after planting, except the trees have had as long a time 

 of regular and judicious training ; for while they are young, it will 

 be sufficient to drive a few short stakes into the ground on each side 

 of the trees, in a straight line, to which the branches should be fas- 

 tened in a horizontal position, as they are produced, in order to train 

 them properly for the espalier; these will be sufficient for the two 

 or three first years, for should you make the regular espalier or 

 trellis the first year the trees are planted, many of the stakes would 

 rot before the espalier is covered. For directions respecting the 

 planting espalier and wall-trees, see March and October. 



Pruning A/ifile and Pear trees, in Espaliers, or trained to Walls 

 cr card fences. 



Apple and pear trees being of the spur-bearing kind, and their 

 mode of bearing similar, one method of pruning answers for both ; 



