AND WINE MAKING. 179 



These are the arms, and as they extend are trained hori- 

 zontally to the right and left of the vine along the poles 

 or wires as the case may be, and tied with some soft ma- 

 terial. 



In the fall, or before March 1st of the fourth year, the 

 shoots on the lower part of the vine are all cut off ; the 

 arms are trimmed of weak or unripe wood, and then, as 

 in figure 26, they are wound around the poles, one to the 

 right, the other to the left of the vine, and the tips fas- 

 tened to the pole with double-pointed carpet tacks. Arms 

 from the next vines in the row are wound on the same 

 poles, between and following the same curves as the first, 

 and fastened in like manner, so that there will be two 

 arms in each space between the vines. Should an arm 

 fail to gain the length required to fill the space allotted 

 to it, it can be lengthened the same season by terminal 

 shoots. 



In figure 27 the arms are bent to and fro in a zig-zag 

 manner, and rest on top of the wires ; the bends or elbows 

 are extended about 2*/ 2 inches beyond the wires on either 

 side ; the bends are formed in succession, and tied to the 

 wire at each point where they rest upon it, making two 

 ties at each bend. 



The arms are thus kept in place for the first season of 

 their training, after which they retain the form given 

 them, and are held in position by the shoots of new wood 

 growing under and over the wires. 



Two arms are used in the same space if desired, but 

 they should be bent to cross each other in opposite direc- 

 tions, instead of following the same curve. In either 

 method the arms should be renewed after intervals of five 

 or six years. This is done by cutting back one arm on 

 each vine to its lowest shoot, and when a new arm has 

 grown from this, the other arm is cut back and renewed 

 in like manner. 



