The Upright System. 39 



probably will eventually give place to other systems. 

 Aside from the spur pruning, the system is much 

 like the following, which is a modification to allow 

 of a renewal pruning and to which the reader is 

 referred for further details. This modification, 

 which may be called the High Renewal, and which 

 is one of the most serviceable of any of the styles 

 of training, although it has never been fully de- 

 scribed, we shall now consider. 



The HigJi Renewal, or upright training which is 

 now very extensively employed in the lake regions 

 of New York and elsewhere, starts the head or 

 branches of the vine from eighteen to thirty inches 

 from the ground. The ideal height for most varie- 

 ties is probably about two feet to the first wire, 

 although thirty inches is better than eighteen. If 

 the vines are lower than two feet, they are liable to 

 be injured by the plow or cultivator, the earth is 

 dashed against the clusters by heavy rains, and if 

 the shoots become loose they strike the ground 

 and the grapes are soon soiled. A single trunk or 

 arm is carried up to the required height, or if good 

 branches happen to form lower down, two main 

 canes are carried from this point up to the required 

 distance to meet the lower wire, so that the trunk be- 

 becomes Y-shaped, as seen in figs. 10, 16 and 17. In 

 fact, vineyardists usually prefer to have this head or 

 crotch a few inches below the lowest wire, to facili- 

 tate the spreading and placing of the canes. The 

 trellis for the upright systems nearly always com- 



