146 MINUTE STRUCTURE OP THE STEM. 



from each other by mechanical or chemical means for use in the 

 manufacture of paper-pulp. The woods which appear to have 



translated in Sachs's Text-book, 2d Eng. ed., p. 651), in which the structural 

 characters of many kinds of wood are given. The table will be found con- 

 venient for reference. 



1. Wood consisting only of trachei'ds with bordered pits : 



Winterete (Drimys Winteri, Tasmannia aromatica ; also Trochodendron 

 aralioides) : (Conifers). 



2. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheiids, parenchyma, and intermediate cells ; 



that is, substitute or replacing cells or fibres (ersatzfasern) : 



a. With no intermediate cells ; Ilex aquifolium, Staphylea pinnata, Rosa 



canina, Crataegus monogyna, Pyrus communis, Spiraea opulifolia, 

 Camellia, etc. 



b. With no parenchyma ; Porlieria. 



c. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; Jasminum revolutum, 



Kerria, Potentilla fruticosa, Casuarina equisetifolia and torulosa, 

 Aristolochia Sipho, etc. 



3. Wood consisting of vessels, trachei'ds, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells : - 



a. With no intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; e. g., Sambucus nigra 



and racemosa, Acer platanoides, Pseudoplatanus, and campestris. 



b. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; Ber- 



beris vulgaris, Mahonia ; (Ephedra). 



c. With no intermediate cells ; fibres septate and unseptate ; Punica, 



Euonymus latifolius and Europaeus, Celastrus scandens, Vitis vini- 

 fera, Fuchsia globosa, Centradenia grand ifolia, Hedera Helix, etc. 



d. With all four kinds of cells ; Miihlenbeckia complexa, Ficus. 



4. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells. This is the most common, and may be taken as the typical structure: 



a. With no intermediate cells ; Sparmannia Africana, Calycanthus, Rham- 



nus catharticus, Ribes rubrum, Quercus, Castanea, Carpinus sp., 

 Amygdalese, Melaleuca, Callistemon sp., etc. 



b. With no parenchyma ; Caragana arborescens. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; most foliage-trees and shrubs; e. g., Salix, 



Populus sp., Liriodendron, Magnolia acuminata, Alnus glntinosa, 

 Betula alba, Juglans regia, Nerium, Tilia, Hakea suaveolens, Ailan- 

 thus, Robinia, Gleditschia sp., Ulex Europaeus, etc. 



5. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate cells : 



a. With no parenchyma ; Viscum album. 



b. With no intermediate cells ; Avicennia. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; Fraxinus excelsior, Ornus, Citrus medica, 



Platanus, etc. 



6. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, and parenchyma : 



Cheiranthus Cheiri, Begonia. Also many Crassulacese and Caryophyl- 

 lacese. 



7. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and true woody-fibres : 



Colens Macraei, Eugenia australis, Hydrangea hortensis. 



8. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, woody fibres, septate fibres, paren- 



chyma, and intermediate cells : 



Ceratonia siliqua, Bignonia capreolata ; it is, however, still doubtful if 

 true woody-fibres are present. 



