226 DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS. 



within flowed out only to meet the exterior liquid, and there 

 formed instantly a precipitate cohering with the edges of the 

 rupture. If a fragment of chloride of copper is placed in a test- 

 tube containing a strong solution of potassic ferrocyanide, the 

 action is more rapid than with copper- sulphate. The fragment 

 dissolves at once, and forms a green globule at the bottom of 

 the tube. If it now be carefully watched, it will be seen that a 

 delicate transparent film (the precipitate of cupric ferrocyauide, 

 which in a flocculeut state is brown) is produced over the glob- 

 ule, and the sphere begins at once to grow into a cylindrical 

 bod} 7 . The liquid in the upper part of the closed cylinder is 

 almost colorless ; that at the bottom is deep green. The inter- 

 mittent growth in height appears to admit of only one explana- 

 tion ; namely, that the membrane is torn by the great pressure 

 within, and the solution of copper chloride which flows through 

 is immediately covered by a newly formed film. Bj- careful 

 management, such growths of cylindrical form can be produced 

 several inches long. 



Traube also discovered that when a drop of /? gelatin (gelatin 

 which has been boiled continuously for about three days, there- 

 by losing its power of coagulation) is placed in a solution of 

 tannin, a film forms at once, which begins to grow into a spheri- 

 cal cell, but without the appearance of irregular and intermit- 

 tent rupture. Such an artificial cell is best prepared by placing 

 a glass tube having a drop of ft gelatin on the tip into a solution 

 of tannin. Its growth is even and uninterrupted, and unless 

 the apparatus is disturbed, no appearance of rupture is observed. 

 A further discovery was made by Traube ; namely, that a co- 

 herent film may be formed even by the contact of pure water. 

 The coagulum produced when gelatin is acted on by tannin (the 

 so-called tannate of gelatin) is soluble in a concentrated solution 

 of tannin, but is insoluble in a dilute solution. If a drop of a 

 solution of tannate of gelatin thus prepared is placed in pure 

 water, a coherent film forms at the surface which can increase 

 up to a certain size. 1 



615. Pfefler has employed the precipitation-membranes dis- 

 covered by Traube, in an ingenious apparatus b}- which. the 

 pressure developed in the so-called artificial cell can be accu- 

 rately measured. The apparatus consists of a porous porcelain 



1 At this point should be mentioned the observation of Nageli, that when- 

 ever cell-contents rich in protein matters come in contact with watery media, a 

 membranous film is formed over the surface (1'flanzenphysiologische Unter- 

 guchungen, 1355, pp. 9, 10). 



