JOHN BARTRAM AND WILLIAM BARTRAM. 33 



logical survey and map, more than half a century before 

 such undertakings were attempted in our country, or even 

 thought of by those whose province it was to authorize them." 



Bartram was evidently much interested in geological sub- 

 jects; thus, in 1756 he writes, "My dear worthy friend, thee 

 can't bang me out of the notion that limestone and marble 

 were originally mud, impregnated by a marine salt, which I 

 take to be the original of all our terrestrial soils." 



In 1760 he makes a trip through the Carolinas, his Journal 

 of which he wrote out and sent to England. The following 

 summer, William, then twenty-two years old, went to North 

 Carolina and set up as a trader at Cape Fear, where his uncle 

 William had settled when a young man. That year John Bar- 

 tram makes a journey to Pittsburg and some way down the 

 Ohio River, keeping a journal, as usual, which is sent to his 

 English friends. Nearly all of these trips were made in 

 autumn, so as to get ripe seeds of desirable trees and plants. 



Bartram had too tender a feeling toward animal life to be 

 much of a zoologist. He says on this score : " As for the ani- 

 mals and insects, it is very few that I touch of choice, and most 

 with uneasiness. Neither can I behold any of them, that have 

 not done me a manifest injury, in their agonizing mortal pains 

 without pity. I also am of opinion that the creatures com- 

 monly called brutes possess higher qualifications, and more 

 exalted ideas, than our traditional mystery-mongers are willing 

 to allow them." His ideas concerning animal psychology were 

 thus clearly in advance of his time. 



The war with France, known to Americans as the French 

 and Indian War, resulted in extending the British possessions 

 in America as far west as the Mississippi River. Immediately 

 a desire was expressed in England for a thorough exploration 

 of this great accession of territory. Bartram writes in 1763 

 that this could not be made without great danger from the 

 Indians. His own expeditions had been very short during the 

 hostilities. The late war had shown the colonists what atroci- 

 ties the savages were capable of, and the prevailing feelings 

 toward the red men had become dread and hatred. " Many 

 years past in our most peaceable times," writes Bartram, " far 

 beyond the mountains, as I was walking in a path with an 

 Indian guide, hired for two dollars, an Indian man met me and 

 pulled off my hat in a great passion, and chawed it all round 



