120 SI.fiEP HUSBANDRY I1N THE SOUTH. 



above the mark in New-Holland, it must be a great deal below it in Upper 

 Canada," Professor McCulloch continues : 



"If the Americans exacted the same price for their public lands that we do, something 

 might be found in favor of extending the principle to Canada. They, however, do nothing 



cf the sort, but sell much better land at a decidedly lower rate If slaves could be 



imported into a Colony of this sort, there might be some chance of its succeeding. But while 

 laud of the very best quality may be had in the Valley of the Mississippi for about a dollar an 

 acre or less, we think better of the common sense of our countrymen than to suppose that 

 tny one able to carry himself across the Atlantic will resort to Australia." 



Of the climate he says : 



" The climate of such parts of New South Wales as have been explored by the English is 

 particularly mild and salubrious. .... On the other hand, however, it has the serious 

 defect of being too dry. It seems to be subject to the periodical recurrence of severe 

 drouths. These prevail sometimes for 2, 3, or even 4 years together. The last * great 

 drouth' began in 182G, and did not terminate until 1829. Very little rain fell during the 

 whole of this lengthened period, and for more than six months there was not a single shower. 

 In consequence, the whole surface of the ground was so parched and withered that all minor 

 vegetation ceased ; and even culinary vegetables were raised with much difficulty. There 

 was also a pretty severe drouth in 1835. This is the great drawback of the Colony ; and were 

 it more populous the drouths would expose it to still more serious difficulties." 



Another drouth occurred in 1841, and Mr. Hood thus describes its ef- 

 fects on the sheep : * 



" It will be scarcely believed in England that the estimated number of sheep which have 

 died within the last twelve months in the Colony from catarrh and drouth is 70,000 .' ! that 

 colonists are compelled in order to save the dam from starvation, to cut the throat of her 

 lamb ; that no means are adopted for securing a stock of lambs for next year ; or that a 

 stockholder would offer 8,000 sheep to any one that would remove them from his runs, and 

 finding that no one could be prevailed upon to taint his own flocks by accepting so danger- 

 ous a present, had recourse to consuming them by fire, and had actually killed and burnt 

 2,000." .... 



Of the country Mr. Hood remarks : 



" The first object on the arrival of every settler should be to procure a good country for 

 his flocks, and this, I have elsewhere said, ia his grand difficulty. Let him be wary on this 

 point. Almost every desirable or habitable spol in the old countries, as the early settled 

 districts are called, is already occupied." 



Some diseases seem to be peculiar to the country, or, rather, peculiarly 

 inveterate in it. Mr. Youatt says :f 



" The sheep frequently suffer from the wild and poachy nature of a considerable portion 

 of the pasture. The foot-rot seems to assume a character of its own. .... If neglected, it 

 speedily becomes inveterate and preys upon and destroys the animal. The losses occasioned 

 by it in the early existence of the Colony were frightful." 



The astringency of the water and other causes have produced severe 

 epidemics. In some years, some of the flockmasters have lost half of their 

 ftheep4 The scab is a prevailing disease, and Doct. Lang says : || 



" When a convict shepherd has a pique against his master, or even against his overseer, it 

 is often in his power to subject the whole of his master's flock to this obnoxious disease, 

 merely by driving his own flock a few miles from their usual pasture, and bringing them 

 into contact with a diseased flock. The chief source of the wealth and prosperity of th 

 Colony is thus, in a great measure, at the mercy of the most worthless of men." 



The cost of both land and labor is comparatively (id est, compared with 

 the unoccupied lands of the United States) high. The Government mini- 

 mum is 5s. ($1 15) per acre, but very little if any good land is sold at that 

 price. Mr. Hood states that the portion of Capt. McArthur's immense 

 estate which was obtained by purchase, cost, on the average, 7s. 6d. 

 ($1 72J) per acre. Shepherds receive from <15 to <20 ($69 to $92) with 



* Quoted by Spooner in " History, Diseases, <fcc., of the Sheep." London, 1844, p. 67. 

 t Yountt on Sheep, p. 189. t See Spooaer, pp. 417-42L 



ti Lang Historical and Statistical Account, vol. i., p. 351. 



