MANUFACTURING 71 



small quantity of black wool with the white. Pink-coloured 

 flannel is obtained by mixing vermilion- dyed wool with white, 

 not by dyeing it pink as many people imagine. Cotton and shoddy 

 are often blended with the wool when a cheap class of material 

 is required. After blending, the next process is carding. The 

 amount of dislocation which the fibres are subjected to when 

 passing through the carding machine is almost incredible. The 

 machine consists of a large number of rollers, covered with about 

 65,000,000 fine wire teeth. A set of carding machines consist of 

 three parts, called the scribbler, the intermediate card, and the 

 condenser. 



Carding leaves the wool in one broad layer of evenly mixed and 

 thoroughly distributed fibres from 50 to 72 inches in width. From 

 the carder the wool goes into a condenser which cuts this wide 

 fibre of wool into a number of small reed-like threads with no 

 twist in them at all. The long untwisted woollen threads are run 

 on to the condenser bobbins. 



The next operation is the spinning. The bobbins of condensed 

 sliver are placed on the stationary part of the mule spinning frame, 

 which is mostly used for spinning woollen yarns. The spinning 

 frame has a travelling carriage in addition to the stationary por- 

 tion. On this travelling carriage spindles are placed which give 

 the yarn the necessary twist on its outward run, and wind it on to 

 small bobbins on its return. This machine has five objects to 

 accomplish : it first gets the required length of wool ; second, it 

 draws it out finer and longer ; third, it gives the necessary twist ; 

 fourth, it then unwinds ; fifth, it winds the yarn on to the cops. 



There are what are called continuous spinning frames, but 

 most woollen yarns are spun in the woollen mule, which is un- 

 equalled for producing soft and full yarns from short and unsound 

 material. 



The wool leaves the spinning frame in the form of yarn wound 

 on spools. 



Warping follows spinning. Warping is the obtaining of a 

 number of warp threads of the same length and strength. This 

 is done by winding the yarn on to a large wooden drum till the 



