224 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 



ment of the secondary sexual characteristics : the breasts 

 remain infantile, the axillary and the pubic hairs are few or 

 absent. The morphology deviates from the feminine type : 

 the pelvis remains narrow, the pubis and the buttocks 

 lack fat. The limbs elongate. Certain Hindoo women, 

 about 25 years old, castrated in childhood, were observed 

 by a doctor Roger to have no feminine characteristics. 

 They were big, strong, muscular, without any breasts or 

 pubic hairs. 



(B) Castration after puberty. 3 The effects of castra- 

 tion after puberty in women has been studied in France 

 by LeBec, then by Richelot, Jayle and Tuffier, etc. 



While simple hysterectomy, without removal of the 

 ovaries, often only causes very minor symptoms ; double 

 castration causes a series of accidents commonly known 

 under the name of post operative or artificial menopause. 



These disturbances occur either a few months after 

 operation, or several years afterwards, varying according 

 to the age of the patient, her character and her previous 

 nervous state. The more important are the following: 



1. ATROPHY OF THE UTERUS, MORE RARELY OF 

 THE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS. The menses are not 

 always suppressed. Some women after a double ovariot- 

 omy have continued to menstruate. Out of 45 women 

 studied from this point of view by Jayle, only 28 had 

 ceased to menstruate. Some, for a certain length of 

 time, still have periodic flow. Others have vicarious 

 menstruation. In others, the menses are missing, but 

 are replaced by heat waves, malaise, migraine, and a 

 slight rise in temperature. 



3 In adult animals, castration often causes an atrophy of the genital system and 

 decreases the sexual appetite. In the cow it will greatly increase the quantity of milk 

 and prolong the lactation period. When lactation ceases the animal puts on weight and 

 the genitalia atrophy. 



