282 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 



the viscera (splanchnic ganglia), finally others were 

 located in the viscera themselves (parenchymatous ganglia) . 



Keeping this fact in mind, as we study the ganglia of 

 the vegetative nervous system, we will bring back this 

 classification to the general topography of the fibres 

 arising from the cerebro spinal axis. 



Let us classify first the ganglia of the lateral chain, 

 that is to say, the ganglia located on either side of 

 the cord and united to each other by nerve fibres, from the 

 superior cervical ganglion (I, II cervical vertebra), to 

 the coccygeal ganglion (coccyx) . All these ganglia, depend 

 on fibres arising from the vegetative thoracic-lumbar 

 medullary column. In these ganglia we find two different 

 groups. One which controls the vegetative ganglion- 

 somatic fibres, one which controls the ganglion-splanchnic 

 fibres. Each ganglion of the lateral chain is, therefore, 

 composed of a somatic and a splanchnic part. 



As regards the cranial nerves of the vegetative system, 

 which include all ganglia outside of the spinal ganglia 

 arising from the spinal nerves, we must differentiate 

 between true ganglia (the centre of a ganglionic cell, 

 interruption of an arc) and ganglioniform masses (crossing 

 or knot of fibres). Only the true ganglia are going to be 

 studied, as the ganglioniform masses are really only 

 anatomical peculiarities. In the head, the vegetative 

 ganglia up to now have always been connected with the 

 sympathetic. This is .not correct, if, as so often is the 

 case in text books on anatomy, we fail to recognize a 

 vegetative system, of which the sympathetic is only one 

 of the parts. The vegetative cranial ganglia are as many 

 different elements belonging to different vegetative sys- 

 tems. These ganglia are: The ophthalmic ganglion, the 

 sphenopalatin ganglion or of Meckel, the optic ganglion or 

 of Arnold, the submaxillary, maxillary or lingual, which 



