MISCELLANEOUS HINTS 73 



SHANKING 



This is a species of gangrene which attacks the 

 footstalks of grapes, and the stems of cabbages 

 which have vegetated through the winter. In the 

 grape it arises if the vine is deficient of sap, either 

 in the leaves, flower, or fruit ; it rarely appears in 

 the grape if the roots of the vine are within the 

 house. 



In the cabbage it arises from the freezing of the 

 stalk just where it comes in contact with the soil. 

 The best preventive is to dress the soil with salt 

 and charred vegetable matter in the spring and 

 autumn. 



STANDARDS 



These are trees unsupported by wall or trellis. 



Full standards are trained with tall straight 

 stems six or seven feet high, clear of branches, 

 and are then allowed to branch out. 



Half standards are trees trained with short stems 

 only two or three feet high, then suffered to branch 

 out at that height to form heads ; having low heads, 

 the fruit is more easily gathered. Concave dwarfs 

 have the middle hollow, and the branches all round 

 in a cup form. Horizontal dwarfs have the branches 

 extended all round in a flat or horizontal position, 

 but the concave dwarf is to be preferred. 



