46 



FIELDING H. GAKRISON 



discovered and described by Ivar Sandstrom in 1880, their anatomical 

 and physiological independence established by A. Kohn, who called them 

 the "epithelial bodies" (1899). 



In the ensuing narrative, it is proposed to consider (I) the prehistory 

 of the general doctrine of the internal secretions, (II) the descriptions 

 of various diseases, which, as they came to be more generally known, 

 served to focus and stress this doctrine in connection with (III) a long 

 series of experiments on the physiology and physiological surgery of the 

 ductless glands, which led to (IV) the gradual acceptance of the doc- 

 trine of the correlation of the internal secretions, in relation to metabol- 

 ism, the functions of the autonomic nervous system, the physical, men- 

 tal, and sexual status of the individual, and the hormonic equilibrium 

 of the body. 



The first to state clearly the function of the internal secretions of the 

 ductless glands, was Theophile de Bordeu (1722-76), of Beam (Basses 

 Pyrenees), a graduate of Montpellier (1794), later a fashionable physi- 

 cian at the court of Louis XV, di- 

 rector of mineral baths in the 

 Pyrenees, and founder of a now 

 forgotten phase of vitalistic doc- 

 trine. 



Bordeu appears to have been 

 the first anatomist to employ the 

 term "tissue" ; his "Recherches 

 sur le tissu muqueux ou 1'organe 

 cellulaire" (1767) immediately 

 suggest the great Bichat, whom he 

 influenced, it is true, but in a most 

 untoward way. By tissu muqueux, 

 which he also calls 1'organe cellu- 

 laire, Bordeu means neither cellu- 

 lar structures, as Schleiden and 

 Schwann saw them, nor proto- 

 plasm, as Purkinje and Schultze 

 saw it, but simply such vague pro- 

 toplasmic configurations as were 

 visible through a lower power mi- 

 croscope. It was his ambition to 



J 'V r - 1. Tlu'opliilc dc Bordou 

 (1722-1776) 



ifirrn ami uphold tho Immoral pathology of Hippocrates, and he 



Hippocratic stages of disease, irritation, coction, and 

 is, as dependent upon the glandular and other secretions. Correspond- 

 ing with the different organs and secretions, he classified Hip nH pa ^ 



5, he classified diseases, not 



