THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ENDOCRIN ORGANS 169 



were treated without anesthesia. They were strapped to the holder, a tube 

 inserted into the trachea and in some instances a catheter was inserted 

 into the ureter through an opening ahove the pubis. Sugar appeared in 

 the urine in about thirty minutes' time. They considered opening of the 

 trachea, cooling, and pain as possible causes of the glycosuria ; and inas- 

 much as glycosuria continued in those cases where the trachea was not 

 opened and cooling was eliminated they concluded that the glycosuria was 

 due to pain. Cannon repeated these same experiments and determined 

 that pain was not the sole cause of glycosuria. Twelve cats were used in 

 the experiment. They were bound gently to a holder and all pain was 

 eliminated; yet it was noticed that in from thirty minutes to five hours 

 glycosuria appeared. It was further noticed that in those animals which 

 resisted being handled and showed fear and anger, the glycosuria ap- 

 peared quickest. From this he concluded that emotion was a cause of the 

 glycosuria, and not pain alone. 



Macleod has shown that, while stimulation of the splanchnics will pro- 

 duce glycosuria when the suprarenals are intact, it will not when these 

 glands have been removed. Erom this he infers that the effect is jnediated 

 through the secretions of the suprarenals and not through the splanchnic 

 nerves directly. 



Relation of the Suprarenals to the Vascular System. The relationship 

 of the tonus of the blood vessels and the sympathetic nerves, on the one 

 hand, and the suprarenal secretion, on the other, is another interesting and 

 important field of study. Since the action of epinephrin upon the blood 

 vessels has become generally known, there has been a prevailing tendency 

 to assume that it is through this internal secretion that blood pressure is 

 maintained. This opinion was based largely on the work of Oliver and 

 Schafer (6), who showed that injections of epinephrin raised blood presr 

 sure. Swale Vincent (a.) was one of the first to question the correctness of 

 this generally accepted theory, and quotes the work of Young and Lehmann, 

 who, leaving the suprarenal body, clamped off the dorso-adrenal vein in 

 dogs, thus preventing the secretion from entering the general blood stream. 

 They found that, "of eight experiments, there was no offect on the blood 

 pressure in three, in two there was a slight rise after releasing the ligatures ; 

 in the remaining three there was a decided rise of pressure (comparable 

 with that which follows injection of epinephrin into the circulation), 

 lasting about three minutes. Young repeated these experiments, and 

 found that there was an appreciable fall in pressure after the blood had 

 been excluded from the circulation for several hours. 



More recent experiments have shown that epinephrin dilates some 

 vessels, even when given in physiologic doses, and further, that the effect 

 in a given structure depends upon the size of the dose. This proof has 

 been furnished by the work of Hartman and collaborators and Hoskins 

 and his coworkers, and shows, further, the close relationship between the 



