740 EKEDEKICK S. HAMMETT 



administration of extracts of the whole gland, though he did get by the 

 latter method an occasional accumulation of milk in the lower part of the 

 udder. Vfhen the hypophysis is removed from young animals hy surgical 

 procedure gross disturbances in development appear as the experiments of 

 Allen (1917), Smith (a) (1917), Cushing(fc) (1912) and others have 

 shown; and Sweet and Allen(&)(&) (1913) found marked structural 

 changes in the pancreas, testicles, thyroid and other tissues of their 

 operated dogs. 



All these results indicate that the secretion of the hypophysis as a 

 whole, contributes to the maintenance of the regulation of the organic and 

 metabolic processes in general. They do not justify, in fact they detract 

 from, the opinion that the hypophysis is a gland the secretion of which 

 is specifically effective for any particular or individual tissue or organ in 

 the sense of a vicarious functioning. 



Effects of Whole Gland Extracts on Blood Pressure. Early attempts 

 to determine the physiological activity of hypophyseal extracts on blood 

 pressure were made by Oliver and Schafer (1895). They observed a 

 rise of blood pressure which was maintained for some time. On the other 

 hand Syzmonowicz (1896) found that injections of extracts of the whole 

 gland resulted in depressor effects and a weakening of the heart beat. 

 Howell(&) (181)8) then demonstrated that the pressor effect was not a prop- 

 erty of the whole gland but was due to some constituent of the posterior 

 lobe. This finding was confirmed by Schafer and Vincent (1899-1900), 

 Flilmer (1913) and others and will be described in detail later. 



Effects of Whole Gland Administration in Man. The effectiveness 

 of the hypophysis as a therapeutic agent is bound up with the sum total 

 of the reactions induced by its component parts and it appears as if cer- 

 tain pathological states respond better to the administration of the whole 

 gland than to the ingestion or injection of preparations of the separate 

 lobes. Hofstatter(^) (1920) and Dalche (1919) comment favorably upon 

 its use in metrorrhagia and the menopause. The latter prefers the oral 

 route of administration in these conditions and reports that when two to 

 four doses are given each day improvement results. Nevertheless, the 

 treatment must be continuous else a relapse occurs. Timme(a) (1918) and 

 Pardee (1919) recommend the use of preparations of whole pituitary gland 

 in doses of from one half to three grains three times a day in the treatment 

 of the so-called pituitary headaches. Similar medication is indicated in 

 cases presenting symptoms of both anterior and posterior lobe deficiency as 

 described by de Schweinitz and How (1917) and others, while Beck(c) 

 (1920) reports that certain types of cachexia are also benefited by such 

 treatment. 



Pharmacology of the Anterior Lobe. Cunningham (1913) in his 

 description of the anatomy and embryology of the anterior lobe of the 

 hypophysis states that this portion of the gland may be regarded as the 



