84 ALBERT C. CRAWFORD 



acid and after concentrating in vacuo, precipitated with NH 4 OH. When 

 washed with absolute alcohol and ether and dried in vacuo, it is an almost 

 white powder. 



Bertrand(fr) extracted horse suprarenal glands with alcohol containing 

 oxalic acid, shook out the concentrated filtrate with petroleum ether, 

 precipitated with lead acetate and with NH 4 OH as by the method of 

 Aldrich. From 118 kgm. he obtained about 125 g. of adrenalin. 



In Battelli's(fr) method, which is a modification of that of Aldrich, 

 the medullary substance is mechanically freed from cortex, then extracted. 

 The extract is coagulated by heat, precipitated by lead acetate and the 

 filtrate is freed from lead by H 2 S, but HgCl 2 precipitation is used before 

 the base is thrown out with NH 4 OH (Ciaccio(fr)). 



Weidlein uses whale suprarenal glands. To 1000 gm. of the disin- 

 tegrated glands a solution containing 500 c.c. of absolute alcohol, 50 c.c. of 

 chloroform and 25 c.c. of acetic acid is gradually added while shaking and 

 the whole is let stand over night. The liquid is then pressed, made acid with 

 25 c.c. acetic acid (50 per cent) and coagulated on the water bath. The 

 filtrate, which measures 600 c.c., is evaporated in vacuo to 60 c.c. and, 

 after filtering, is precipitated with NH 4 OH. The precipitate is dried 

 with absolute alcohol and ether. The residue yields a further amount by 

 using methyl alcohol in place of the ethyl alcohol. The product so ob- 

 -tained is purified by adding 20 c.c. of a 25 per cent solution of acetic acid 

 containing 1 c.c. of sodium sulphite to 2.0525 g. of the impure compound 

 then reprecipitating and drying as before. The suprarenal gland of whales 

 weighs from 264 to 684 gm. and yield about 0.15 per cent of the pressor 

 substance. 



To avoid oxidation, Freund utilizes an electrolytic method for the 

 reduction of impurities. lie uses a platinum 'cathode, a carbon anode 

 and a porous cell as a diaphragm. This patented method is claimed 

 to yield a white "analytically pure" compound. 



The percentage formula of Aldrich has been confirmed by Bertrand(6), 

 Jowett, Pauly, von Furth(d), Abderhalden and Bergell(a). 



Aldrich pointed out that, if one benzoyl group was removed from 

 Abel's formula and the II was replaced, the resulting formula would be 

 close to his. Abel(e) (/) (i) (k) admitted this, but took the position that 

 what he called native epinephrin, or epinephrin hydrate, and which was ad- 

 renalin, should have the formula C 10 H 13 N0 3 .%H 2 O. Bertrand showed 

 that Abel's analyses of his later product could just as well be explained by 

 the formula CH 13 NO 3 as by the formula C lo n i3 K'O : ,.%I-I 2 O. Other 

 workers corroborated Bertrand's results and showed there was no water of 

 crystallization (Pauly(fr) ; Barger and E wing (a) also Abderhalden and 

 Bergell(&)). 



