RELATION SUPRARENAL GLANDS TO CIRCULATION 215 



dogs. It was noted that when such extracts were added to the fluid which 

 was being perfused through the organ, a. marked decrease in outflow re- 

 sulted. This finding was corroborated by Gioffredi. Similar experiments 

 were made by Sollmann in 1905. When epinephrin in a dilution of 

 1 :50,000 was perfused through the isolated kidney there was a marked de- 

 crease in venous outflow and of kidney volume, accompanied by a de- 

 creased urine flow. It may be noted that Sollmann used a solution from 

 twenty to one hundred times as concentrated as the epinephrin in the blood 

 of the lumbo-adrenal veins, as determined under ordinary experimental 

 conditions. In three perfusion experiments Pari found that solutions of 

 1 :20,000 to 1 :100,000 caused renal vasoconstriction, but in one case a 

 solution of 1 :500,000 caused dilatation for a few minutes followed by 

 constriction. 



Jonescu (1908) recorded the effects of intravenous injections of epi- 

 nephrin on the blood-pressure and kidney volume of rabbits. Doses which 

 caused a moderate rise of blood-pressure caused a slight dilatation of the 

 kidneys, which was followed by a marked contraction which persisted for 

 some time after arterial pressure had returned to normal. With smaller 

 doses renal contraction only was seen, the blood-pressure remaining prac- 

 tically unchanged. 



In a short paper, published in 1911, Froehlich(&) reported that both 

 I- and d-suprarenin, as well as "adrenalin," cause a protracted contraction 

 of the kidneys. A more extensive investigation along the same line was 

 reported a year later by Ogawa. He used both natural and synthesized 

 epinephrin. Instead of the oncometer method employed by Froehlich, 

 however, he utilized perf usions to determine the effect of the drugs on the 

 kidney vessels. In the most sensitive animals a diminished outflow was 

 observed with a dilution of Z-suprarenin of 1:20,000,000. With a solu- 

 tion of 1 : 1,000,000 the primary effect was a sharp decrease in the rate of 

 outflow followed by a rate above normal when the drug was discontinued. 

 Augmented outflow was noted also as a secondary effect if the epinephrin 

 perfusion was continued for a relatively long period. The secondary dila- 

 tation was seen only when the epinephrin was used in solutions of 1 :1,000,- 

 000 to 1:5,000,000. In two instances primary dilatation was noted with 

 solutions of 1:40,000,000 and 1:50,000,000, respectively. The same re- 

 sults were obtained with d- as with Z-suprarenin, except that stronger solu- 

 tions had to be used. The synthetic product gave reactions qualitatively 

 similar to the natural. In cats and dogs the same results were obtained, 

 but the thresholds were higher. 



In all the foregoing reports renal vasoconstriction following the ad- 

 ministration of epinephrin is the outstanding feature. In most cases, 

 however, the doses employed were probably greater than the quantity 

 that can be discharged from the suprarenal glands in corresponding periods 

 of time. The evidence, so far as it goes, indicates that urine secretion 



