454 HOMER WHEELON 



* 



must consider this period as a, time of sex differentiation associated with 

 growth because the male, in addition to growth and the appearance of 

 hairs at the pubes and axillae, which is common to both sexes, deviates 

 materally from the course of female specialization. The voice changes, 

 new psychic states appear, and the body as a whole assumes the .masculine 

 character. 



2. Influence of the Internal Secretion of the Testes upon the Es- 

 tablished Sexual Organs. Significance of Interstitial Cells. Sufficient 

 data have not been put forth to warrant any definite statement relative 

 to the influence of the gonadal hormone upon the germ tissues. Develop- 

 ment of these without the interstitial cells is not known -to occur in the 

 mammalian male. However, cases of congenital anorchidism, of which 

 eight appear in the literature, demonstrate many of the characters of sex. 

 The case of a young adult described by "Wildholz showed a great develop- 

 ment of the subcutaneous fat. The "secondary sexual characters'' were 

 not present ; the penis had the dimensions of that of a lad of six years, the 

 prostate was absent, and radiograms of the hand showed detached epiphy- 

 ses. "Masculinized" female guinea pigs which have been operated upon 

 some years previously, demonstrate a growth of skin resembling a male 

 preputum at the urcthric tubercle (Lipschlitz). When this is retracted 

 there appear two excrescences, the corpora cavcrnosa penis, which repre- 

 sents the modified corpora cavernosa clitoridis. The entire organ gives the 

 impression of a hypospadic penis. In addition to these changes there 

 appear two spikes similar in nature to those in the normal male. As a 

 rule, the penis of eunuchs remains normal, hence its amputation in those 

 engaged as harem guards. However, the penis fails to develop properly 

 in the man if castration is performed prior to the advent of puberty 

 (Tandler and Gross). Castration of the adult does not appear to alter 

 to any marked degree the previously established generative organs and 

 secondary sex characters, but atrophic genital organs are greatly benefited 

 by testicular transplants. For instance, Morris (&) reports that the im- 

 plantation of gonadal tissue into a man resulted in the enlargement of an 

 exceedingly atrophic testis. The epididymis and spermatic cord assumed 

 larger proportions, and the penis increased in size, the skin covering it 

 became smooth, and morning erections occurred. An examination of the 

 growing testis made during a second operation revealed an organ of firm 

 consistence and with normal coverings. 



Relation of the Testes to the Prostate. The prostate gland in man and 

 in animals remains of small size until the period of puberty. In -animals 

 it undergoes definite cyclic changes which are closely associated with 

 changes in the functional activity of the tcstes. During the quiescent 

 stage the prostate is composed of a few tubules lined with small, flattened 

 epithelial cells which at times are incapable of secretion. At the approach 

 of the breeding season the tubules grow much larger and the epithelial 



