464 HOMEK WHEELON 



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and show no constant change as the result of castration. According to 

 Magnus-Levy and Falk, the gaseous metabolism of boys and girls is not 

 increased during the period of puberty. Liithje did not find a metabolic 

 reduction in castrated dogs. However, this may be explained by the fact 

 that obesity after castration is by no means invariable, being present in 

 about fifty per cent of the cases. For this reason it has been assumed that 

 the marked, diminution in the respiratory exchange observed in some ani- 

 mals following castration is due to a general indolence on the part of the 

 animal. Such results, therefore, as pointed out by von Noorden, should 

 be considered as secondary or indirect, and not due to the removal of 

 oxidizing materials. This criticism finds certain substantiation in the 

 fact that there is a reduction in the irritability of the vasomotor apparatus 

 (Wheelon (a)), and a decrease in the weight of the central nervous sys- 

 tem (Hatai (a) ) following removal of the testes. However, according to 

 Lowy and Richter, Pachtner, Murlin and Bailey, castrated dogs do show 

 a reduction in the respiratory metabolism for months following the opera- 

 tion. This fall is in proportion to body weight although a considerable 

 reduction in the total metabolism may occur independent of body weight, 

 the reduction frequently attaining a higher figure as the result of in- 

 creased adiposity. Angolitti and Kojima have shown that there is an 

 absolute reduction in the production of carbon dioxid following castration, 

 this reduction being greater in the liver than in the muscles. Such find- 

 ings indicate that a reduction in metabolism is due to diminished oxidiza- 

 tion and increased adiposity (Lowy and Richter (fr), Murlin and Bailey). 



Body Temperature and the Testes. The body temperature is found 

 to be nearly a degree centigrade higher in female than in male rats and 

 guinea pigs. The temperature is reduced following castration of the 

 female. Implantation of testicular material into such animals reduces 

 the temperature still further. On the other hand, castration of the male 

 does not alter body temperature. However, the implantation of an ovary 

 into such a male causes the temperature to rise until it reaches that of 

 the female. Such observations demonstrate a higher rate of oxidation 

 for the female than the male (Lipschiitz (a)). 



5. The Pharmacodynamics of the Testes. From the time of Brown- 

 Sequard, who popularized organotherapy, to the present day, the deleteri- 

 ous results following the diminution of testicular functions have been 

 combated by the administration of extracts or by the transplantation of 

 gonadal tissue. 



Lowy describes a better growth in the wattles and comb of capons fed 

 upon testicular substance than in control birds. More recently Smith and 

 Crocker studied the effects of injections of saline extracts of cocks' testes 

 into the subcutaneous tissues of hens. Such procedures in most cases 

 caused the comb and wattles to enlarge and brighten. The neck feathers 

 became more brilliant, also slight growth and brilliancy of color appeared 



