714 A. S. WARTHIN 



manner. De Meyer found that if the liver be perfused with Ringer's solu- 

 tion it lost less glycogen if pancreatic extract was added. When the liver 

 of a depancreatized animal was used its function of storing glycogen 

 could be restored by adding pancreatic extract to the perfusing fluid. 

 Taylor found creatin constantly present in the urine of diabetics. This he 

 interpreted as an expression of increased endogenous catabolism due to 

 an inability on the part of the tissues to burn sugar, or to the non-forma- 

 tion of creatin into something else. The total amount of creatinin excreted 

 was not abnormally increased, even on a rich flesh diet. 



Drennan affirmed that the amount of sugar excreted by a depan- 

 creatized dog in 24 hours became lessened when blood from a normal 

 animal was intravenously injected. On the other hand the feeding of raw 

 pancreas or the giving of pancreatic preparations to diabetics has been 

 universally without success. Ziilzer, in 1907, had found that he could 

 prevent the development of an adrenal diabetes by the injection of a pan- 

 creatic extract ; and a year later reported that he had used this preparation 

 with success in treating cases of human diabetes. In the hands of other 

 workers (Forsbach, etc.) the injection of Ziilzer' s pancreatic hormone 

 caused severe toxic symptoms, and it was considered probable that the 

 temporary diminution of the glycosuria was due to this toxic action. 

 Knowlton and Starling found that the sugar-consuming power of heart 

 muscle is reduced to a minimum or disappears altogether in hearts taken 

 from depancreatized dogs. The addition of a boiled extract of pancreas 

 to the blood circulating through the heart of a diabetic animal restores to 

 the latter the power of utilizing the glucose of the circulating blood. Mac- 

 lean and Sinedley confirmed these .findings ; while Macleod found that the 

 addition of pancreatic extract to the blood causes no difference in the com- 

 parative rates of sugar utilization by the skeletal muscles of either normal 

 or diabetic animals. No conclusions were drawn by him as to the heart 

 muscle. 



Paton regards the production of glycosuria after depancreatization 

 as due to the too rapid mobilization of sugar, and a failure on the part 

 of muscular tissues to use sugar. These results indicate that the pancreas 

 produces an internal secretion or secretions which inhibit the mob- 

 ilization of sugar and are antagonistic to the secretions of hypophysis, 

 adrenals and thyroid, and hence facilitate the utilization of sugar by the 

 muscles as a source of energy. The inhibition of sugar mobilization may 

 be brought about by an action upon the terminations of the true sympa- 

 thetic system in the liver. Nothing, however, is known as to the nature 

 of the second process. Verzar affirms that in pancreatic diabetes there 

 is a loss of power on the part of the body to burn sugar to carbonic acid. 

 Iledon (1913) believes the cause of pancreatic diabetes to be the absence 

 from the arterial blood of glycolytic pancreatic internal secretion of the 

 nature of a glycolytic ferment. Clark states that when the pancreas is 





