738 FEED C. KOCH 



widely distributed and acts very generally. He has presented some physi- 

 ological evidence to bear out this contention, but it is by no means con- 

 vincing. Nevertheless, the other school has not been able to disprove 

 his contention. Ehrmann (&) (1911-12) in part confirmed Edkins' views, 

 in that he found extracts from all portions of the gastric mucous membrane 

 to contain gastrin activity when assayed by injecting subcutaneously into 

 Pawlow pouch dogs. He, however, also found duodenal mucous membrane 

 to yield an active extract, but reported Witte's peptone, sodium nucleate, 

 sarcosin, creatinin, alanin and glycocoll as inactive. Emsmann (1911-12) 

 prepared extracts of tissues by taking one part tissue to two parts of N/10 

 hydrochloric acid and then after twenty-four hours heated to boiling, next 

 diluted with water, neutralized with sodium hydrate, again acidified with 

 acetic acid and then set aside under toluene until desired for use. Such 

 extracts, when injected subcutaneously into Pawlow pouch dogs, reacted 

 positively when prepared from mucous membrane taken from the pylorus, 

 duodenum, jejunum, or ileum, and also from liver and pancreas tissue. 

 Extracts from colon mucosa, spleen and submaxillary glands were inactive. 

 He found none of these active when given by mouth. Z. Tomaszewski (a.) 

 (1913) in his first paper reports the extracts from pyloric and fundic 

 mucous membrane as active gastric secretagogues in both normal and 

 vagotomized dogs. In his later work, he added duodenal mucosa, hog 

 gastric muscle, pancreas and large intestines as yielding active extracts, 

 and considers it likely that a all organic extracts possess the power." He 

 could not detect any difference in degree of activity of the pyloric and 

 fundal areas of the gastric mucous membrane. At times he found Witte's 

 peptone, when injected intravenously, to cause a sudden expulsion of 

 gastric juice, but not what he would call an actual secretion, such as one 

 observes after a subcutaneous injection of gastrin solutions. He considers 

 this peptone action, upon which Popielski has laid so much stress, as a 

 true vasodilating action and the gastrin action as that of a true 

 secretagogue. He further concludes from his studies and from those 

 of Labasow and Popielski, that Liebig's meat extract contains three active 

 substances: one which stimulates the stomach directly when taken by 

 mouth, another which causes a fall in blood pressure when injected intra- 

 venously, and a third which acts as a gastric secretagogue when injected 

 subcutaneously. He further concludes that none of the extracts studied 

 by him when introduced directly into the intestines, cause a gastric secre- 

 tion unless it is through psychic factors. Keeton, Luckhardt and Koch, 

 as a result of a series of comparative studies, conclude that gastrin activity 

 may be extracted from all portions of the gastric mucous membrane of 

 the hog, that about the same degree of activity is found in duodenal mucosa 

 and in thyroid tissue and variable amounts may be obtained from liver and 

 pancreas tissue. The spleen, thymus, brain, muscle, gastric juice, salivary 

 glands and a carefully prepared fibrin peptone-proteose preparation were 



