782 PERCY FKIDENBERG 



The Thyroid Eye. This type has a smaller, generally less massive 

 orbit. As the skull form tends to dolichocephaly the orbital propor- 

 tions favor the development of a long, axially myopic, eye. The lid-fis- 

 sure tends to be wide and the pupil large, the ocular motions frequent, 

 brisk, so that the glance is alert and the gaze concentrated, giving a sharp, 

 wide-awake expression. There is decided vascular ity of conjunctiva and 

 lids, giving a full blooded appearance, and this condition, associated with 

 a plenitude of orbital fat, causes a slight prominence of the eyes, a mild 

 exophthalniO'S which merits and enjoys the name of pop eye, or as the 

 French more poetically put it, les yeux a fleur de tete. Pigment is not 

 abundant and may be deficient. Albinism is noted predominantly in 

 this type which characterizes the blonde Nordic races, such as the Saxon 

 and Scandinavian. 



Winking is free, and lachrymal secretion active and reflex. Tonic 

 contraction of the lids, blepharospasm, on the other hand, is infrequent. 

 The vascularity of the superficial tissues of the eye is heightened to 

 congestions with a tendency to eatarrhal processes, conjunctivitis with 

 secretion, or blepharitis with red lids. Ocular metabolism is raised and 

 there seems to be a tendency to increased intra-ocular tension in sympathy 

 with this plus of secretion. There is no tendency to headache, vertigo, 

 spasm of accommodation or of convergence, associated or unilateral. 

 The pupil reacts to relatively weak solutions of the mydriatics, dilating 

 easily with cocain and at times with adrenalin, even in middle or early 

 old, age, while comparatively concentrated solutions of the meiotics or 

 larger doses of analogous alkaloids (morphin, pilocarpin) are required 

 to produce the characteristic reactions. 



Subjective symptoms are associated rather with minus states of mus- 

 cular activation such as insufficiency of convergence, or of accommodation, 

 resulting in asthenopia. 



The Pituitary Eye. Pituitary dominance is indicated by a roomy and 

 massive orbit with unusually thick bony margins resulting in large, widely 

 spaced eyeballs (Xegro, Polynesian). This unusual interpupillary dis- 

 tance together with an apparent lack of convergence of the visual axes 

 gives to the fades a characteristic detached expression which has some- 

 thing of the childlike, the naive in it. This dreamy gaze has been noted 

 by travelers in the racial types mentioned, and may be confirmed by clinical 

 observation in dyscrinisms connected with hyperpituitarism. 



An indirect result of the orbital spacing is the comparatively unusual 

 development of the accessory nasal or more properly orbital cavities and 

 the external nose with its unusually wide glabella, bro*ad passages and 

 wide open nostrils. This type of eye, peculiarly enough, is found in two 

 races which are literally marked by high pigmentation. 



The eye is generally enophthalmic, recessed as in Mongolians and 

 Amerinds, or but slightly prominent when both globe and orbit are roomy, 



