4 GRAHAM LUSK 



upon the country where he settled. He tamed wild animals for his ser- 

 vice. He then drifted into the most fruitful land areas and these he 

 cultivated. Here came the dawn of history. 



"In the tropics the development of man is prevented by an enervating 

 atmosphere. In the polar regions where the greatest exertion results in 

 obtaining only a small amount of sustenance progress is also limited. 

 Eskimo and Lapp live as they did a thousand years ago and have no 

 history. In temperate climes the production of food is not so favored 

 as in warmer regions, but the other conditions for the maintenance of 

 an active life are more favorable and therefore civilization will ever have 

 her home there." 



The Classical Period 



The Greeks had no classical education but it has been said that they 

 had the two essential requisites of true education, the capacity to express 

 themselves in words and a desire to understand their relations with their 

 environment, of which the latter is science (Prof. E. II. Starling). Epic- 

 tetus makes the statement and gives the advice which follows : "Socrates 

 in this way became perfect, in all things improving himself, attending to 

 nothing except to reason, but you who are not yet a Socrates ought to live 

 as one who wishes to be a Socrates." This was the general attitude of the 

 scholars of Greece and Rome. 



Socrates (B. C. 470-399) held that the object of food was to replace 

 the loss of water from the skin and the loss of ponderable heat. 



Hippocrates (B. C. 460-364), the Father of Medicine and a con- 

 temporary of Socrates, believed that the loss of body weight in fasting 

 was due to the loss of "insensible perspiration" from the skin and to a 

 loss of heat which he conceived to consist of a fine material. Among the 

 writings of Hippocrates may be found the following aphorisms : 



Aphorism, Sec. I, 14. Growing bodies have the most innate heat ; they there- 

 fore require the most food, for otherwise their bodies are wasted. In old persons 

 the heat is feeble and therefore they require little fuel as it were to the flame, 

 for it would be extinguished by much. On this account, also, fevers in old per- 

 sons are not equally acute, because their bodies are cold. 



Aphorism 4, Sec. II. Neither repletion nor fasting nor anything else is 

 good when more than natural. 



Aphorism 38. An article of food or drink which is slightly worse but more 

 palatable is to be preferred to such as are better but less palatable. 



The Greeks believed that there were four elements, fire, air, earth 

 and water, and four elemental properties, hot, cold, moist and dry. The 

 broad viewpoint of Hippocrates thus finds expression: 



Whoever having undertaken to speak and write on medicine have first laid 

 down for themselves some hypothesis to their argument such as hot or cold or 



