110 



A. I. RINGER 



That normal leucin does give rise to glucose was demonstrated by Green- 

 wald (1916 (e)). 



Aspartic acid is definitely known to give rise to glucose to the extent 

 of three of its carbons. (Ringer and Lusk, 1910; Ringer, Frankel and 

 Jonas, 1913 (&) ). It does not give rise to acetone bodies. In all probability 

 the process of its conversion into glucose is the following: 



COOH 



COOH 



GIL 



CHNHj 



I 



COOH 



CHOH 



COOH 

 CH 2 

 CO 

 COOH 



COOH 



- CH 2 

 COOH 



C0 2 



Aspartic acid Malic acid Oxalacetic acid Malonic acid 



CO 2 / \. COOH 



CH 2 

 CH 3 OH 



CH 3 

 CHOH 



Glucose 



COOH 

 Lactic acid 



CO 2 

 Hydracrylic acid 



Glutamic acid is convertible into glucose to the extent of three of its 

 carbons. It does not give rise to acetone bodies. (Lusk, 1908 (a) ; Ringer, 

 Frankel and Jonas, 1913 (&)). 



After deamination it probably passes through succinic and malic stages 

 and then proceeds as indicated under aspartic acid. 



COOH 



COOH 



COOH 



COOH 



CH, 



CH 



Deamination | Oxidation 

 * CH.> * 



Oxidation 



Oxidation | ^ Glucose 

 -CHOH 



CHOH 



CO 



COOH 



COOH 

 Glutamic 

 acid 



COOH CO 2 



o-hydroxy- a-keto Succinic 



glutaric acid glutaric acid acid 



Malic 

 acid 



$-hydroxyglutamic acid is convertible into glucose to the extent as is 

 glutamic acid. (Dakin, 1919), 



