394 ISIDOE GREENWALD 



to be 94 grams per man per day, whereas Claassen, in 1 907, estimated it as 

 141 grams (digestible) for the urban and 195 grams for the rural popula- 

 tion. The Eltzbacher commission placed it at 139 grams for the popula- 

 tion as a whole in 1912-1913. The series of reports from English cities 

 confirm this tendency, though the number of observations is rather small. 

 Thus in 1900, Paton, Dunlop and Inglis found that Edinburgh families 

 with incomes of less than 20s used an average of 96 grams of fat per man 

 per day; those with ample income used 92.3 grams. In Glasgow in 

 1911-1912, Lindsay found 76.3 grams in families with less than 20s in- 

 come and 98 grams in those with an income of from 27 to 31s. In 1916, 

 also in Glasgow, Ferguson found it at the same level, though the wartime 

 restrictions on the use of fat might have been expected to reduce the figure. 

 The high value, 88 grams, calculated by Dunluce and Greenwood from 

 Eowntree's reports for York families with incomes of less than 26s weekly 

 seems to be due to some local factor. It is greater than that reported for 

 similar families in Edinburgh or Glasgow and much greater than that 

 .calculated by Dunluce and Greenwood from the Board of Trade returns 

 for a large number of cities in Great Britain. It is interesting to note 

 that the northern counties reported a higher fat consumption among the 

 agricultural laborers than did the other counties of England. Within 

 Rowntree's series, the usual economic effect is observed. 



The amount of protein and of fat and their contribution to the total 

 energy of the diet having been discussed, little remains to be said regarding 

 the carbohydrate, save that it furnishes the remainder of the energy, from 

 400 to 600 grams per man per day being required. The increasing con- 

 sumption of cane sugar is discussed on pages 395 and 397. 



Ash Constituents. Comparatively few studies of normal or customary 

 diets have included determinations or calculations of the amount of the 

 inorganic constituents. Tigerstedt(e) (1911) had the samples collected 

 by Sundstrom(&) (1908) in his study of the diet of the Finnish agricul- 

 tural population analyzed for some of the ash constituents with results 

 shown in the first part of Table IV. The figures following were 

 calculated to European body weights from Japanese diets by Rubner 

 (&&) (1920). These are followed by those obtained by Nelson and 

 Williams in a study of the calcium content of the urine and feces of 

 four normal men (U. S.) on their accustomed diets. Then come the 

 figures calculated by Sherman (c) (1918) for 150 supposedly typical 

 American dietaries, and, finally, those calculated by Blatherwick for 32 

 studies in army training camps and by Howe (reported by Blatherwick) 

 for four others. The enormous difference between the calcium and phos- 

 phorus contents of the Finnish and the American and the Japanese diet- 

 aries is due to the great difference in the amount of milk consumed. ( See 

 also page 415, for Rubner's calculation of inorganic food constituents in 

 Germany before and during the war.) 



