EFFECTS OF CERTAIN DRUGS AND POISONS 731 



Melteer and Auer). The latter fact might tend to exclude a centrally 

 induced antipyretic action. 



The prevention of sodium chlorid fever by proper concentrations of 

 calcium salts (balanced solutions) has already been discussed. 



In infants, Bosworth and Bowditch maintain that an excess of ingested 

 calcium causes an accumulation of insoluble derivatives in the tissues. 

 High temperature with toxic symptoms results and calcium lactate appears 

 in the urine. The untoward effects are preventable by the administration 

 of sufficient chlorid or phosphate to keep the calcium in soluble form. 



Carbohydrate Metabolism. The inhibitory effect of calcium upon 

 sodium chlorid glycosuria has been discussed. 



The effects of calcium upon blood and urine sugar in rabbits have been 

 extensively investigated by Underbill (ft). He maintains that calcium salts 

 play a noteworthy role in the regulation of the blood sugar content; al- 

 though lacking marked effect in normal animals they distinctly alter the 

 character of the curve of epinephrin hyperglycemia, often augmenting 

 the glycosuria. Furthermore, withdrawal of calcium (by administration 

 of sodium phosphate or oxalate) produces %poglycemia, curtailing the 

 hyperglycemia and often the glycosuria produced by epinephrin. Under- 

 bill and Blatherwick showed that while thyreoparathyroidectomy results 

 in hypoglycemia as well as in tetany, calcium lactate will temporarily re- 

 store the blood sugar to its normal level. These facts accord with the 

 conception of tetany as an alkalosis. 



After subcutaneous injections of magnesium sulphate Underbill (/) ob- 

 served hyperglycemia and slight glycosuria when general anesthesia de- 

 veloped. With subanesthetic doses only a slight hyperglycemia, without 

 glycosuria, was seen. Calcium antagonizes not only the magnesium 

 anesthesia, but also the hyperglycemia. This would appear to classify 

 the latter as of asphyxia! origin, but Kleiner and Meltzer(6) have shown 

 that it occurs under adequate artificial respiration. 



Diabetics, according to Kahn and Kahn, exhibit a negative calcium 

 balance. Following cautious injections of one-eighth molecular calcium 

 chlorid into a vein these authors observed decreases in glycosuria, glycemia 

 and polyuria. Relief of symptoms and prevention of acidosis were also 

 attributed to the procedure. The renal factor appears to be largely re- 

 sponsible here and calcium therapy is unlikely to offer permanent relief, 

 for with its employment no improvement in the capacity of the organism 

 to oxidize dextrose has been demonstrated. 



Brinkmann(&) has shown in frogs that an optimum calcium concentra- 

 tion is necessary to prevent the escape of glucose through the glomeruli. 

 Jacoby and Rosenfeld's demonstration of the inhibitory effects of calcium 

 upon phlorhizin diabetes 2 also indicates the significance of the renal 

 factor. 

 . 'Retention of nitrogen and of acetone were also noted. 



