306 ISIDOR GREENWALD 



out acid hydrolysis, no crystals should be formed. The usefulness of the 

 test has been quite generally denied but it has found some supporters 

 (Van Hoogenhuyze and Nagasaki, Lameris and Van Hoogenhuyze). 

 Cammidge and Howard (a) regard the reaction as due to the presence of 

 a dextrin-like substance, which they claim to have isolated and from which 

 they prepared the free pentose, which they identified as xylose by the melt- 

 ing point and rotation of the osazone, and by the formation of xylonic acid 

 upon oxidation of the pentose with bromin. But analysis of the substance 

 gave 43.8 and 43.6 per cent, carbon and 6.2 and 6.3 per cent, hydrogen, 

 which would correspond to a hexosan (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n, for which the calculated 

 values are 44.4 per cent and 6.15 per cent, respectively, rather than to a 

 pentosan (C 5 H 8 O 4 ) n , for which they would be 45.5 per cent and 6.06 per 

 cent. Cammidge proposed the alternative formula (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n C 5 H 9 O 5 , 

 but did not explain what value to ascribe to "n" nor how a pentosazone 

 should have been formed from the hexose groups or what became of the 

 hexose groups on hydrolysis. Pekelharing and van Hoogenhuyze, who are 

 among the few who accept the test as having any value, found quite differ- 

 ent values for the composition of the substance. They found that the 

 osazone contained from 11.64 to 12.71 per cent nitrogen, instead of the 

 16.4 to 17.1 per cent claimed by Cammidge. That the substance obtained 

 by Pekelharing and Van Hoogenhuyze was not a pentose is also indicated 

 by the fact that it gave a red color, and not green or blue, upon treatment 

 with hydrochloric acid and orcin. Other investigators have generally 

 concluded that the Cammidge crystals are due to the presence of conjugate 

 glycuronic acids, while Neuberg(p) (1912) regards them as mixture of 

 compounds whose nature varies from case to case, though generally due 

 to the presence of glycuronic acid. 



For a discussion of the other substances of carbohydrate nature that 

 have from time to time been reported to have been found in urine, as 

 well as for more explicit directions for the identification, isolation and 

 quantitative determination of the different sugars and their derivatives, 

 the reader is referred to F. N". Schulz, in Neubauer-Huppert, "Analyse des 

 Harns," Wiesbaden, 1910, pages 284-477 ; to Carl Neuberg, "Der Harn," 

 Berlin, 1911, pages 319 to 464; and to C. A. Browne, "A Handbook of 

 Sugar Analysis," New York, 1912. 



Notes on Hyperglycemia, Hypo^lycemia and Other Con. 

 ditions Related to Disturbed Glucose Metabolism 



In a number of conditions, apparently involving the organs of internal 

 secretion, or endocrine glands, there is a disturbance of carbohydrate 

 metabolism. Of these, perhaps the best known is the hyperglycemia, and 

 occasional glycosuria, of Basedow's disease. In some cases, the hyper- 



