140 



332 J. A. macwilliam 



method of instantaneous instead of gradual application of external 

 pressure to the vein, recorded lower values, often 4 to 6 cm., sometimes 

 as high as 12.5 cm. Venous pressure has been noted as being raised 

 in nephritic hypertension, in contrast to simple arterio-sclerosis, by 

 Villaret (128) and his associates. But this conclusion is opposed by 

 the results of Leconte and Yacoel (80). Like the pressures in the 

 minute vessels of the skin the venous pressures in a limb are liable to 

 be much influenced by local conditions. And it gives no actual measure 

 of the venous pressure at which the filling of the right heart takes 

 place — the "effective pressure" of Yandell Henderson and Barringer 

 (61) — the difference between the intra-auricular and intra-thoracic 

 pressures. As the latter pressure is variable, this, as Wiggers (133) 

 points out, raises a serious difficulty as regards the application of limb 

 venous pressure measurements to the study of circulatory conditions. 



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