BUNGER \\i. x I - * - 1 Tin 479 



in the stomach walls, ami it is important to bear in mind that 

 inhibitory effects on the stomach contractions of tin- fundus may p 

 quite independently of the changes in the pyloric region that an- c 

 cerned with the mechanical processes of digestion. After one <>r I 

 of the extrinsic nerves of the stomach were Bevered in dogs, a certain 

 degree of inhibition could still he induced by tin- above methods, indie 

 i » i i_r that, although section of the extrinsic nerves depresses the inhibitory 

 reflex, it docs not abolish it. 



Various mitigations of the hunger contractions have been di 

 Smoking has this effect, and compression of tin- abdomen by tightening 

 the belt also inhibits the contractions provided they are not of mar 



intensity. Considerable muscular exercise, such as brisk walking or 

 running, causes inhibition, which usually persists until after the ex 

 cise is discontinued. When the tonus and contractions return, in this 

 case, they seem to be somewhat more pronounced. Application of cold 

 to the surface of the body — as by placing an ice pack on the abdor 

 or taking ;i cold douche, procedures which are well-known to ind 

 increased neuromuscular tonus, in general — causes an inhibition of the 

 gastric tonus and hunger contractions, the degree of which is roughly 

 proportional to the intensity of the stimulation. There is certainly n< 

 an increase in the gastric tonus or hunger contractions. I E such stimula- 

 tion is maintained, the inhibitory effects on the stomach gradually 

 diminish, even though the individual be shivering intensely. 



With regard to fin nervi centers cona nu </ in thest phenomena, little 



that is definite is known. The sensory nuclei of the vagus nerve in the 

 medulla must be considered as the primary hunger center, and through 



Ihis center, not only influences affecting the stomach contractions, but 

 also those associated with the hunger sensations, must be mediated. It 

 would appear from observations on the hunger behavior of decerebi 



animals that there can be UO hunger Center located on the e,:-. lira' 



itself, for such animals exhibit practically the same hunger eff< 

 normal animals. It is interesting to QOte that, at least in tl 

 decerebrate pigeons, this hunger behavior entirely disapp< in removal 



of the optic thalami, where important nerve centers having '<< do with 



the bodily responses of the animal to hunger impulses would th< 

 appear to be located. These observations support the suggestion that 



has been made by several QeUTOloglStS that the sense of pain ited 



somewhere in the thalamic region. 



Concerning the influence of psychic I that in his 



own case the hunger contractions became weaker and the inter 

 between them greater when he was suddenly aw. I during his 



fast ami saw two of his friends partaking at his I 



