Till BIOCHEMIC \l. PRO( ESS DIG! 81 4!»7 



tion of pigment from a biliary fistula is remarkably constanl in a dog 

 fed on a fixed mixed diet, it became increased, sometimes by l" 1 ) per 

 cent, when the diel was changed to one of carbohydrates, and de] 

 on a diel of meal. The question arises as to whether, after all, the bile 

 pigments are really derived from broken-down hemoglobin. May I 

 not be manufactured d!< novo ou1 of other materials 



Whipple and Hooper have also shown that bile is a most important 



secretion, for dogs rarely survive on an ordinary diet it' bile is perma- 

 nently prevented from entering the intestine. Intestinal symptoms 

 soon supervene, and become progressively more severe until the death 

 of the animal. Feeding with bile does not relieve th< lition, hut 



feeding with cooked liver seems to have a beneficial 



After extravasation of blood in the subcutaneous tissues, as in a brui 

 for example, a decomposition of hemoglobin proceeds quite like that 

 oe. •ni-riii": in the liver, and Leads to the production of blue and In-own 

 and green pigments like those of the bile. When hemolysis is produc 

 as by inhalation of arseniureted hydrogen or the injection of inorganic 

 or biological hemolysins, there is an immediate increase in the amount 

 of bile pigment in the hile. Even the injection of hemoglobin solutions 

 has this effect. Under these conditions of hemolysis, besides an incr< 

 in urobilin, there may be considerable quantities of hemoglobin s< 

 in the urine. 



Bile salts and pigments usually accompany each other when any- 

 thing occurs to interfere with the free secretion of bile. For exam] 

 after ligation of the bile duct both bile pigments and Idle salts accumu- 

 late in the blood, in the serum of which they may be recognized by 

 ordinary chemical tests in from four to six hours after the operation. 

 If the accumulation be allowed to proceed further, the bile pigments 

 become deposited in the tissues, giving them the peculiar yellowish ap- 

 pearance known as jaundice. Under these conditions the bile salts and 

 pigments also appear in the urine. The accumulation of bile salts ill 

 the body affects certain physiological process s; for one thing, it cs 

 a greal Lengthening in the clotting time of the blood. 



If the blood supply to the liver is interrupted by ligation of the portal 

 vein and hepatic artery at the same time thai the bile ducts . 'tided, 



not a trace either of bile salts or of bile pigmenl appears in the bli 

 during the six to eighteen hours thai the animals survive the i tion. 



The amount of obstruction of the bile duct necessary to produce th< 

 Bymptoms is very Blight, since bile is secreted at a very low pr< 

 Even a clot ..t inn. -us or a swollen condition of the mucous membrt 

 of the duel is sufficienl to produce obstruction. In tl bile 



from the gall bladder into the duodenum it is claimed by Mi I 'hat a 



