( xviii ) 



method of sale, or of the disposal of the produce accounted for as sold. 

 In the case of Brightwell and Harwell only does it appear from a record 

 of the cost of carriage, that a portion of the wheat sold (|- and | respec- 

 tively) was despatched hy water to London, and a comparison with the 

 later Rolls shows that this sale was carried out by the agency of the 

 Southwark centre.^ 



Special Centres. — The following are the chief Centres for the receipt 

 or supply of special commodities : — 



1. Bitterne, which supplies salt to Downton, Pamham, and Sutton. 



2. Southampton, the port of entry for foreign goods, e.g. millstones 



and wine. The latter is imported in bulk and packed for distri- 

 bution by the Bitterne tenants. 



3. Fareham appears to have been a depot for wine, which forms a 



separate item in the " Instaurum." 



Relations with Headquarters. — The needs of the bishop and his house- 

 hold are supplied by the manors, either by delivery at the various episcopal 

 residences, or by direct contributions to his maintenance from the manors 

 at or near which he may be staying on his journeys. With the exception 

 of the regular supply of hens and eggs to Wolvesey, and of pigs for the 

 larder, these contributions are of such a casual nature that they appear 

 to be a kind of occasional purveyance resembling the ancient Pastus, 

 rather than the payment of a stated due — the amount supplied in kind 

 simply reducing the total sum received from the sale of produce. 



The episcopal seats draw their supplies for the most part only from 

 the manors near at hand : Thus, Waltham receives supplies from 9 manors, 

 all in South-east Hampshire. Wolvesey from 13 (6 being fiscal contribu- 

 tions), all in Hampshire. Downton from 5 manors rather more distant,^ 

 and Sutton almost wholly from the Alresford group. Southwark has direct 

 relations with the manors of the middle Thames basin — Brightwell, Har- 

 well, Wargrave, and Wycombe. 



External Communications. — The following instances of transport to or 

 from places outside the bishopric appear in the Roll. 



Downton and Knoyle send supplies to the neighbouring royal seats of 

 Cranborne and Gillingham respectively. Farnham, Downton, and Clere 

 receive rams from Lincolnshire ; Knoyle, wool from the same county ; 

 Southwark,* timber from St. Leonard's Forest; Twyford, a horse from 

 Devizes ; Witney, horses from Cardiff, and Mardon and Clere, mares from 

 Wales; Taunton receives wine from Exeter, spears from Wales, venison 

 from Bridgwater, and a cart from Bristol, whilst Sutton charges for the 

 carriage of a consignment of wool to BeauKeu and back, and Witney for 

 the carriage of arms and provisions to and from Tewkesbury. 



Routes. — In respect of routes, the Roll furnishes little information. 

 Corn from Brightwell and Harwell goes to London by water. So, naturally, 

 do the consignments of wine from Portsmouth to Fareham, and from South- 

 ampton to Bitterne, whilst presumably the timber from Kingston and the 



1 The later Rolls give rather more evidence of special markets. An account for the Forum de 

 Alresford appears in 1211, as also does an account for the granges at Southwark, showing that a 

 very large proportion of the grain received from the Thames manors was disposed of by sale. 



2 This manor is isolated, and was visited more than once by King and bishop. 



' In addition to this entry, references to " London " under Brightwell, Harwell, Wycombe, and 

 Wargrave evidently refer to the manor of Southwark. 



