( ^ ) 



brushwood from "Wargrave would have been similarly conveyed. The most 

 interesting entry in this connection is the charge for the carriage of wool 

 from Bishops Sutton to BeauHeu and back " per aquam," i.e. by the Itchen 

 navigation, the canal made by Bishop Godfrey de Lucy a few years 

 earlier. 



Cost of Carriage. — As a rule transport and the moving of stock forms 

 part of the labour service due from the manors. The few records of pay- 

 ments for carriage refer to exceptional commodities such as wine,^ millstones, 

 wool, and in one instance salt; or to distant places — London, Tewkesbury, 

 Beaulieu ; or to carriage for the casual pleasure of the bishop.* In the 

 account for the church of Meon, the collection of the tithe and the transport 

 of the produce to Winchester and Harwell appear to have been outside 

 the obligations of the bishop's tenants. The cost of carriage, as might 

 have been expected, is somewhat high. A tun of wine from Southampton 

 to Waltham costs 1». 2d. To Witney the cost is 6*., and to Harwell Is. T^d. 

 From Portsmouth to Fareham by water the charge is only 6d., and from 

 Southampton to Bishops Sutton, where the Itchen navigation could be used. 

 Is. 6d. The com sent from Brightwell and Harwell to London costs 2d. 

 a quarter, and a millstone from Southampton to Winchester 1«. 



Travellers. —The visits of several of the bishop's officers to the various 

 manors are recorded, but the entries are so often undated, that they afford 

 no evidence of any systematic visitation or of the movements of the 

 bishop's household. There are also, here and there, charges for the 

 maintenance of occasional travellers, notably at the outlying manor of 

 Witney, which was visited by King and bishop, and which seems to have 

 been a starting-point for journeys to the North and West (York, Lincoln, 

 Northampton, Cardiff, Tewkesbury). Harwell entertains the bishop's 

 knights on their way back from the Scotch expedition ; * Clere the men 

 who carried the bishop's harness to Gloucester, and to Witney after he 

 had left ; and Southwark the " HiHtes de Ispania." 



On the manors of the Bishop of Winchester the conditions of employ- The Ma- 

 ment appear to be somewhat primitive. The necessary ploughing, mowing, °°""^ ^°**" 

 and reaping were almost entirely performed by the tenants as a condi- 

 tion of their tenure, so that the relation of the tenants to their lord 

 determines the relation of most of the labourers to their employer. Honey 

 wages are paid, but to a small extent, and by far the greater part of the 

 agricultural work is performed by the tenants by way of service. 



The payments of the tenants to their lord are made in (1) money. 

 (2) kind, (3) service, and (4) as a mark of subjection to the lord's jurisdiction. 



1. Payments in Money. — The chief payment made in money is the 

 "land-gafol" (gabulum). In two of the Berkshire manors, however, and 

 also at Southwark " rents of assize " {redditus assisi) are found. In 

 normal years these charges furnished more than a third of the total revenue 

 from all sources. Here the proportion is somewhat less owing to the 



' The transport ot wine from Exeter or Topsham to Taunton at a uniform rate of 2*. per cask, 

 appears to have been one of the customary services of that manor. (Somerset Arch., and Nat. 

 Hist. Soc. Trans, xviii., 82.) 



* e.g. presents to the King's daughter, venison, etc. 



^ Cf. under Adderbury, where knights of the bishop are present " in crastino Assumptionis " 

 (August 16). Cf. Ann. Winton. "Facta sunt haec (the Scotch expedition) mensibus August) 

 et Septembris." 



