( xxii ) 



and were rewarded for their services by abatements in rent* (quietancice), 

 and sometimes also by payments in kind or money {consuetudines) ; 



(2) those who were probably household servants and were paid principally 

 by small salaries {stipendia) and by allowances in grain (corredia) ; and 



(3) the more important officials who received much higher salaries {liber a- 

 tiones). 



To the first class belong the reeve and the typical manorial officers. 

 Besides the prcepositus there is sometimes a bedellus, or foreman, 

 usually in connection with a sub-manor. 



Forestarii are present in the forest manors and were presumably 

 manorial officers.'^ In any case they received an abatement of rent. 



In nearly all the manors ^ there are many ploughmen (carucarii). 

 These apparently ploughed every day except Saturday, and if they 

 ploughed on Saturday they were paid for so doing. Thus, at Stokes, 

 eight ploughmen receive abatements of rent, and eight are paid for 

 ploughing on eight of the Saturdays between Easter and Michaelmas. On 

 the remaining sixteen Saturdays they receive no payment because they 

 ploughed their own lands.* 



On most of the manors there were also swineherds, cowherds, oxherds, 

 haywards, shepherds, and a certain number of operarii, all of whom must 

 have held land, as they were paid by quietancice. Other officers more rarely 

 mentioned are the grangiarius^ or berebrettus,^ special guardians for the 

 com, for the lambs, or for the cows; ^ one manor has a "parcarius "* 

 and besides a special man to care for the horses. At Downton, we find 

 a plot of land held for the special service of repairing the bridge.® 



The most necessary work which was not agricultural was that of the 

 smith. In many manors he received an abatement of rent,^* but in 

 others he was paid in money." Thus, at Famham, the smith shoed a 

 certain number of the horses by custom ^^ and was paid for shoeing the 

 rest. In addition, the ironwork of ploughs, carts, and harrows was paid 

 for," as weU as the iron about the mills." 



Consuetudines. — The manorial officers occasionally received perquisites 

 {consuetudines) as part of the reward of their labour. Thus, the swine- 

 herd receives a pig, the shepherd a lamb or fleece," the ploughmen have 

 barley and cheese,^^ the forester has a pig," and the smith a lamb.'* Pay- 

 ments to the ploughmen are also made in money'" (as at Harwell and 

 Brightwell). 



1 At Crawley, we are told, four ploughmen, one smith, one swineherd, two shepherds, and 

 thirteen workmen pay no rent because " se defendant per opera sua" (p. 50). 



2 This is more doubtful in the case of the verderers who also occur. 

 ' Wycombe and Farnham are exceptions. 



* p. 56, 1. 47. At Waltham the seven ploughmen on twenty eight Saturdays in sowing time 

 earned \^d. a day; at the second ploughing they worked twenty-two Saturdays and earned Ic^. a 

 time. 



' Waltham, Farnham, Ferham. 



* Overton, Sutton, Adderbury, Beauworth, Cheriton, and Knoyle. 



' Overton, Wargrave. * Mardon. ' p. 20, 1. 16. 



'" Clere, Fareham, Fernham, Sutton, Hambledon, Crawley, Twyford, &c. 



" Overton, Downton, Wargrave, Wycombe, Mardon, Ashmansworth. 



" p. 38, 1. 38. " p. 2, 1. 30. " p. 2, 1. 45. 



'* Overton, Woodhay, and Ashmansworth. 



" p. 22, 1. 13, and p. 23, 1. 13. 



" p. 19, 1. 52. " p. 22, 1. 66, and p. 51, 1. 49. '« p. 13, 1. 41 p., 15 1. 28. 



