( xxvii ) 



been disposed of in seed, customs, provender, and sale. At "Wield, too, 

 a stack of wheat, containing about 50 quarters, was sold for £8, but was 

 not accounted for in the grange account. 



Another interesting feature indicated by the above figures is the 

 comparatively small amount consumed, especially of wheat and mixed 

 com. Less than 9 per cent, of the former, and only a little more than 

 10 per cent, of the latter were actually used on the manors, and the 

 percentages of rye, barley, and oats were 30, 31^, and 37f respectively ; 

 the large percentage of oats is chiefly due to provender for the horses 

 of officers and distinguished visitors, the amount allowed on such excep- 

 tional occasions being apparently one bushel for each horse daily. The 

 oxen were probably fed on sheaves {garbce) during the winter.^ All the 

 cereals except wheat, were occasionally used for feeding the Bishop's or 

 the King's dogs, and all were apparently malted and used for brewing 

 beer for the boon works, scotales, &c. The wheat was used mainly in 

 making bread for the Bishop and his officers, but was occasionally consumed 

 at the boon works or given in customary allowances to certain servants. 



Barley was chiefly disposed of in allowances to various labourers, 

 but was used also in making bread for the boon works, and in feeding 

 pigs in winter. Of the small com, about 61 per cent, was sold, and 

 the remainder consumed in a similar manner to the barley. The peas 

 and vetches were used chiefly for feeding pigs in winter. 



Com was measured both by the strike bushel (estrica) and the heaped 

 bushel (hopa), but in adding them up to form the totals, no apparent 

 distinction is made between them and eight of each are reckoned as 

 equivalent to a quarter. 



Wild Growths and Forage. — In addition to the proceeds from the 

 customs of pannage and herbage, which occur in nearly every manor, there 

 are occasional sales of nuts (nuces), underwood {busca), rushes {juncus), 

 stubble (stipula), flax (Unum), havilm (culmus), reed [arundo), meadow 

 grass (herba), pasture, twigs (coperones), dead wood (morbois), and briars 

 {bruera). Hay and forage were frequently bought for the oxen and horses, 

 and at Adderbury a large quantity of forage was sold. In the latter 

 manor, and at Southwark there are records of sales of apples, and there were 

 apple orchards also at Meon and Harwell. 



Mills. — About fifty mills are enumerated, and of these about one-half 

 were let to farm at a fixed annual rent, while the remainder were kept 

 in hand, an income being obtained from them by sale of the produce. 

 Four are stated to have been fulling mills, and it is believed they are 

 the earliest recorded in this country. They were situated at Bishop's 

 Waltham, Brightwell, Bishop's Sutton, and Alresford. The first and 

 third were let for 20*. and lis. Id. respectively. The second, which 

 had been newly made for 9Z. 4s. 4c?., was retained in hand, the produce for 

 a part of the year being sold for l&d. At Alresford the rent of the mill 

 is apparently included in the gabulum, but the large sum of 8«. 3d. was 

 paid for collecting stubble for it, possibly for the purpose of roofing it. 

 All the other mills were probably corn mills driven by water power. 

 At Fareham there was a "sea mill" {molindimtm maris), which may have 

 been either a tide mill or a floating mill operated by the currents. A 



' p. 42, 1. 60; p. 81, 1. 22 ; p. 82, 1. 53. 



