( M» ) 



The totals of the live stock are generally more accurate than those 

 of the hides, wool-fells, etc. Totals are frequently right in gross, but 

 wrong in detail.* Many mistakes of this kind appear, which in most 

 cases admit of correction when compared with the supplementary evidence 

 of the related sections. The defects are not all of them favourable to 

 the bailiffs, in which case we could reasonably suspect fraud. 



Space forbids a detailed consideration of the valuable evidence con- 

 tained in the thirty-three stock accounts of the Roll. In the Appendix 

 will be found two general tables, one specifying the numbers and 

 distribution of each kind of stock among the several manors, showing 

 the additions made during the year, by way of produce and acquisition, 

 as well as the losses incurred by murrain and other causes. The second 

 table shows the profits arising from the various kinds of stock, including 

 hides, wool-fells, cheese, etc., produced and sold in the several manors 

 during the same period. 



The manorial stock is treated of here in the following order : — 

 (1) Equine class (including asses), (2) Bovine class, (3) Ovine class (in- 

 cluding goats), (4) The Dairy, (5) Porcine class, (6) Poultry, (7) The 

 Larder, Kitchen, and Salt-store, (8) The Cellar, (9) Miscellaneous (Nuts, 

 Cummin, etc.). 



Horses. — The usual terms of stallion (stalo), mare (equa), and colt 

 (pullus), or filly (pullana) occur, and there is a further distinctive 

 nomenclature from the particular work performed. The avrus for the 

 plough, and the carectarius for the cart. The riding horse {palefridus) 

 and the sumpter-horse (sirnimarius) are also incidentally mentioned in 

 connection with the Bishop's Itinerary.^ 



Under the name equus silvestris the famous forest pony of Hampshire 

 is apparently referred to. Eighteen Welsh mares were received in Clere 

 and Harden during the year. In both cases they were drafted into the 

 forest pony stock. 



About fourteen per cent, of the whole number of horses was lost by 

 murrain. The hides are carefully accounted for, and are for the most 

 part sold. Four were dealbated for local manorial purposes.' The cost of 

 dealbating a hide was 4c?. The highest price received for a horse-hide is 

 13d. at Adderbury, which is exceptional, the average price being about Qd. 

 Asses were kept at Waltham and Witney. 



Cattle. — The cattle stock may be divided into two classes : (1) The active 

 class, including {a) the parent or producing stock — the taurus and vacca ; 

 {h) the working or non-producing stock — the boves. (2) The store cattle 

 {oiiosa animalia) comprising the vituli, the annates, and the bovetti and 

 geniculae of all ages. 



The latter class is sometimes technically called the " instaurum " or 

 " store," by which the active class are supplemented during the year. 

 Oeniculae is the name by which heifers of all ages, above one year, are 

 known imtil they are added to the vaccae. Similarly boviculi is the term 

 applied to bullocks of all ages above one year prior to their advancement to 

 the boves ; the younger ones are termed bovetti juniores, in contradistinction 

 to the bovetti prolixioris or provectioris aetatis. 



1 cf. pp. 8, HI, 82, where 24 not 16 gallinae were sent from Beauworth. 



* On p. 60 we have the phrase " equos molindum." 3 p. 70, 1. 38. 



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