(f xianm > 



of course went as tithe.' Several were also given in customary payments 

 to servants of the manor. Mutton was chiefly used during the harvest 

 season, in contrast to the beef and pork consumed in the autumn and 

 winter. 



As elsewhere, the flocks were made use of for fertilizing purposes. 

 The practice of folding is frequently referred to.^ It was one of the chief 

 duties of the shepherd to see that all the sheep lay in the fold over night, 

 so that the land might benefit from the compost. Gilbert, the shepherd 

 at Wargrave, was amerced 6d. for neglect of this." 



It has been previously noted that in some few cases sheep were let " at 

 farm " as was the milk of more than four hundred ewes at Meon.* 

 Other items of profit derived from the sheep flock were the receipts for 

 wool and wool-fells sold. 



Wools are divided into vellera grossa (or crispa) and vellera agnina. 

 To check the amount produced, all changes occurring in the stock " ante 

 tonsionem " and " post tonsionem " are noted. Sixty-eight small lambs 

 {aubtiles agni) in Crawley were left imshorn. Stray wool to the value 

 of 6«. was collected at Clere. Wool was sold by weight. The shepherd 

 usually had a fleece, and in three cases the dairymaid. In the section 

 of the Expensa there are usually some interesting details of the canvas 

 and thread bought, and the sarpelers made to contain the large wool, as 

 well as of the sacks purchased to contain the lock-wool. 



The total loss by murrain for the whole flock is equal to twenty per 

 cent. ; that of the lambs alone is about thirty-seven per cent. 



Ooats. — Goats appear in Bitteme and Wicombe and were all disposed 

 of during the year. The he-goat is termed a " buke " and the she-goat a 

 matrix capra, the kids being known as capreoli. 



The Dairy. — The profits of the dairy appear among the items of the 

 Exitus Manerii. The incidental costs {custus daericn) connected therewith, 

 e.g., the purchase of tins, pans, pots, jars, salt, etc., will be found in the 

 Expensa. The Instaurum gives the number of cheeses produced and their 

 disposal by way of customary payments, sale, etc. Only nine of the 

 manors sell butter during the year, the total value being 10s. ^d. 



Compared with the previous year there is a decrease of nearly three 

 hundred in the number of cheeses left over. The production imder this 

 head was doubtless affected by the drought in this year previously referred 

 to. As usual cheeses were chiefly made from May to Michaelmas. 

 Some were made during the winter season from October to February, and 

 during the season from February to May {ante ablactationem), when most 

 of the milk was used in the rearing of the young calves. 



Pt^r*.— The pig and poultry classes form the more transient section 

 of the live stock. They are short-lived, and reach their maturity and 

 accomplish their function at a much earlier age than the horse, ox, and 

 sheep. This has its marked effect both on the nomenclature and on the 

 form of accoimt. 



* At p. 46 we have a singular instance of the tithe assessed on the number left after subtract- 

 ing the loss by murrain, with a tithe of the fells of the number that so died. Other unusual 

 tithe assessments appear on p. 58, 1. 43-44. 



* Cf. p. 9, 1. 29, et pcuMim. 3 p 28, 1. 44. 



* Here the Church took its tithe from the money -rent (cf. pp. 48, 49). 



