( xxxlv ) 



Omitting the parent stock {verres and sua), the rest of the porci fall 

 into two divisions, those ahove {super) and those helow {infra) the age of 

 one year. Litters (of which more than one was occasionally produced hy 

 each sow during the year) ^ contain the porcelli, sometimes termed porcelli 

 juniores, to distinguish them presumably from those of the previous litters, 

 poi'celli separati. These latter are sometimes termed hogetti, and are thus 

 distinguished from the porci superannati, though the term porcelli is in 

 many instances indiscriminately used to include all those infra annwm. The 

 porci superannati are differentiated as to sex by the words masculi and 

 femellce, sometimes found as maelli and sueMce. As distinguished from the 

 young sows {juniores sues or suellce) the old sows {veteres sues) are called 

 domincB sues. 



No pigs, it will be noticed, were sold. The porci were usually fattened 

 during the winter ^ for the larder. Sucking pigs were received by the 

 porcarius and were in great demand at the bishop's table. 



Poultry. — Fowls and geese are the only species of poultry recorded. 

 Little attention was apparently paid to the rearing of young fowls, the 

 greater part received during the year coming from the custom of church- 

 scot. They were mostly consumed by the bishop's household and the local 

 officers. The surplus, after satisfying local requirements, was generally 

 sent to the kitchen at Wolvesey. Here most of the eggs were also sent. 

 Eggs are loosely accounted for. Fowls appear in 29 manors, but eggs 

 only in 10, and in several of these are the product of customary dues. 

 Only one dovecote, at Downton, is mentioned in this Roll.'' Wildfowl 

 {aves) appear to have been rendered at Christmas by the tenants of one 

 manor.* 



The Larder. — The principal larders with their dependent manors have 

 been referred to above.* They supplied the bishop's household with bacon 

 and beef during the year, and furnished similar foods to labourers during 

 the autumn and other boon works. Venison was cured both at Waltham 

 and Winchester. 



Nearly five pounds worth of lard {unctum porci) was sold from the 

 larders of Waltham, Witney, Downton, and Farnham. At Taunton, 

 tallow was sold with the hides. 



The incidental expenses connected with the larder include salt for 

 the curing of the flesh." Drink and food were given to the male and 

 female workers in addition to their money stipend. 



The Cellar. — Wine and cider, the extraordinary and ordinary drink of 

 the household and official class, appear in the Instaurum accounts of seven 

 manors. Southampton and Exeter were the respective ports of supply for 

 the Hampshire and Somerset manors. Cider was produced at home. In 

 East Meon 8^d. is paid for making a tun of cider. Wine and cider, as 

 may be seen from evidence contained in other sections of the Roll, were 

 largely used in the " scotales." 



Beer, which is not referred to in the Instaurum, was largely consumed 

 by the workers in the larder. 



1 p. 40, 1. 43. 2 e.g., p. 3, 1. 51 ; p. 14, 1. 13. 3 p. 21, 1. 14. 



* p. 79, 1. 44. ' p. 10. * See Glossary s. v. Sulcitium, Eschina, and Sahigia. 



