16 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



of the muscles forming our cheeks contract and 

 of course swell out (Fig. 1. A), while their tendons 

 are attached closely to the skin of the lips, espec- 

 ially the upper lip, so that in laughing the cheeks 

 bulge out and the hps tighten and drag back- 

 wards. 



9. — The contraction of a muscle is very limited, 

 so that the tendon moves a very little distance in 

 its sheath. 



So much for the active part of the lever; the 

 remaining parts are made up of passive agents in 

 the form of bones and joints. 



10. — Bones are of three varieties, named from 

 their shape ; long, flat, and irregular. 



The long bones are largely concerned in forming 

 the levers ; as the fore and hind limbs, which are 

 mainly composed of them. The flat bones, for 

 the most part, make up the face and head ; the 

 shoulder blade is also a flat bone. The irregular 

 bones make up the ^back bone,' called the 'ver- 

 tebral column,' which extends from the head to 

 the tip of the tail. The bones making up the 

 ' back bone ' are very numerous, being seven in 

 number for the neck, eighteen for the back, fiv 

 or six for the loins, five for the croup, and fron 

 ten to twenty for the tail. With the exception ot" 

 those forming the croup, which are stuck together 

 and immoveable one on the other, the remainder 

 of the bones forming this long column are slightly 

 moveable one on the other, so that were you to 

 pass a piece of stout cord down their central 

 canal — which canal gives passage to the spinal 

 cord — and hold one end of it high in the air, and 



